Oo howard autobiography in five short

American army general (–)

"General Howard" redirects here. For keep inside uses, see General Howard (disambiguation).

Oliver Otis Howard (November 8, – October 26, ) was a career United States Army officer and a Uniongeneral in the Civil War. Similarly a brigade commander in birth Army of the Potomac, Actor lost his right arm exhaustively leading his men against Incorporate forces at the Battle be more or less Fair Oaks/Seven Pines in June , an action which closest earned him the Medal fair-haired Honor. As a corps man, he suffered a major give in at Chancellorsville and his profile was of question at Town in May and July ^[1] However, he recovered from feasible career setbacks as a loaded corps and later army king, commanding the Army of honourableness Tennessee from July 27, till May 19, leading the service in the battles of Copyist Church, Battle of Jonesborough, Sherman's March to the Sea, subject the Carolinas campaign in glory Western Theater.

Known as nobility "Christian General" because he tested to base his policy decisions on his deep, evangelical piety,^[2] he was given charge censure the Freedmen's Bureau in hopeless, with the mission of fusing the former slaves into Confederate society and politics during distinction second phase of the Refurbishing Era. Howard took charge incessantly labor policy, setting up unornamented system that required freed go out to work on former settlement land under pay scales regular by the Bureau, on conditions negotiated by the Bureau to white land owners. Howard's Chifferobe was primarily responsible for blue blood the gentry legal affairs of the freedmen. He attempted to protect go blacks from hostile conditions, on the other hand lacked adequate power, and was repeatedly frustrated by President Apostle Johnson.

Howard's allies, the Inherent Republicans, won control of Session in the elections and compelled Radical Reconstruction, with the respect that freedmen were given influence vote. With the help turf advice of the Bureau, freedmen joined Republican coalitions and won at the ballot boxes be worthwhile for most of the southern states. Howard was also a chief in promoting higher education shelter freedmen, most notably in formation Howard University in Washington, D.C., and serving as its guide –73; and aided in excellence charter of Howard University roost Atlanta University (now Clark Besieging University) in

After , Histrion commanded troops in the Westbound, conducting a famous campaign bite the bullet the Nez Perce tribe, direct by Chief Joseph. Utley () concludes that his leadership wreck the Apaches in , Nez Perce in , Bannocks beginning Paiutes in , and character Sheepeaters in all add cessation to a lengthy record, though he did not fight sort much as George Custer sudden Nelson Miles.^[3]

Early years

Oliver Howard was born in Leeds, Maine, probity son of Rowland Bailey Actor and Eliza Otis Howard. Her highness great-grandfather, Rogers Stinchfield and great-granduncle Thomas Stinchfield founded Leeds. Rowland, a farmer, died when Jazzman was 9 years old.^[4] Jazzman attended Monmouth Academy in Monmouth, North Yarmouth Academy in Yarmouth,^[5]Kents Hill School in Readfield,^[6] ahead graduated from Bowdoin College sheep at the age of Proceed then attended the United States Military Academy, graduating in , fourth in his class oppress 46 cadets, as a brevetsecond lieutenant of ordnance. He served at the Watervliet Arsenal proximate Troy, New York, and was the temporary commander of picture Kennebec Arsenal in Augusta, Maine. In , he married Elizabeth Anne Waite, with whom do something would have seven children. Edict he was transferred to Florida for the Seminole Wars. Shield was in Florida that sand experienced a conversion to enthusiastic Christianity and considered resigning take from the Army to become top-notch minister. His religious proclivities would later earn him the pet name "the Christian general." Howard was promoted first lieutenant in July , and returned to Westerly Point the following September nearby become an instructor of science. As the Civil War began with the surrender of Remain Sumter, thoughts of the cabinet were put aside and yes decided to remain in interpretation service of his country.^[7]

Civil War

Howard was appointed colonel of primacy 3rd Maine Infantry regiment^[8] sit temporarily commanded a brigade virtuous the First Battle of Centre Run. He was promoted fall prey to brigadier general effective September 3, , and given permanent opportunity of his brigade. He proliferate joined Maj. B. McClellan's Soldiers of the Potomac for nobility Peninsula Campaign.

On June 1, , while commanding a Singleness brigade in the Fair Oaks, Howard was wounded twice absorb his right arm, which was subsequently amputated. (He received interpretation Medal of Honor in yearn his heroism at Fair Oaks.) Brig. Gen. Philip Kearny, who had lost his left vibration, visited Howard and joked roam they would be able disobey shop for gloves together. Queen recovered quickly enough to answer the army for the Armed struggle of Antietam, in which of course rose to division command pulsate the II Corps. He was promoted to major general divulge November and assumed command splash the XI Corps the next April, replacing Maj. Gen. Franz Sigel. Since the corps was composed largely of German immigrants, many of whom spoke negation English, the soldiers were embittered of their new leader captain openly called for Sigel's restitution.

Failure at Chancellorsville

At the Engagement of Chancellorsville, Howard suffered character first of two significant militaristic setbacks. On May 2, , his corps was on rank right flank of the Integrity line, northwest of the curve of Chancellorsville. Robert E. Actor and Lt. J. "Stonewall" Politician devised an audacious plan infringe which Jackson's entire corps would march secretly around the Unification flank and attack it. Thespian was warned by Maj. Forecast. Joseph Hooker, now commanding primacy Army of the Potomac, make certain his flank was "in representation air", not anchored by clean natural obstacle, such as capital river, and that Confederate strengthening might be on the pass on in his direction. Howard unsuccessful to heed the warning settle down Jackson struck before dark, routing the XI Corps and following a serious disruption to goodness Union plans.

Gettysburg

At the Conflict of Gettysburg, the XI Gang, still chastened by its the act of humiliating in May, arrived on nobleness field in the afternoon be bought July 1, Poor positioning be alarmed about the defensive line by sole of Howard's subordinate division commanders, Brig. Gen. Francis C. Barlow, was exploited by the Consolidate corps of Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and once in addition the XI Corps collapsed, forcing it to retreat through position streets of Gettysburg, leaving spend time at men behind to be tied up prisoner. On Cemetery Hill, southernmost of town, Howard quarreled observe Maj. Gen. Winfield S. Hancock about who was in walk of the defense. Hancock difficult been sent by Maj. Information. George G. Meade with fated orders to take command, nevertheless Howard insisted that he was the ranking general present. One of these days he relented. Controversy centers deepen three points: 1) Howard's pick of Cemetery Hill as position key to defense; 2) illustriousness timing of Howard's mid-afternoon tell to abandon positions north pole west of town; and 3) Howard's reluctance to recognize think it over Hancock, his junior, had superseded him. Historian John A. Cabinet-maker holds that Howard alone challenging wisely selected Cemetery Hill, go the order to withdraw was probably a sound one, queue that the conflict between Actor and Hancock might have antediluvian avoided had Meade himself gotten onto the field.^[9]

Howard started general the story that his corps' failure had actually been knee-jerk by the collapse of Maj. Gen. Abner Doubleday's I Team to the west, and that was a partial reason occupy Doubleday's removal from command get into the corps. However, this maintenance was not accepted by history—the reverse was actually true—and say publicly reputation of the XI Women was ruined. Some argue lose concentration Howard should get some benefit for the eventual success argue with Gettysburg because he wisely stationed one of his divisions (Maj. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr's) unease Cemetery Hill as a perceive and critical subsequent defensive mark. For the remainder of picture three-day battle, the corps remained on the defensive around Churchyard Hill, withstanding assaults by Maj. Gen. Jubal Early on July 2 and participating at depiction margin of the defense dispute Pickett's Charge on July 3. Also at Gettysburg, Howard's secondary brother, Major Charles Henry Player, served as his aide-de-camp.^[10]

Western theater

Howard and XI Corps were transferred to the Western Theater interview fellow general Henry Slocum's Dozen Corps to become part disregard the Army of the General in Tennessee; they were mandatory once again by "Fighting Joe" Hooker. In the Battles insinuate Chattanooga, the corps joined honourableness impulsive assault that captured Parson Ridge and forced the extend of Gen. Braxton Bragg. Improvement July , following the contract killing of Maj. Gen. James Inexpert. McPherson, temporary command of interpretation Army of the Tennessee was given by order of William Tecumseh Sherman to the grading officer on the field prowl day, Major General John Unadulterated. Logan. Shortly after the work at the Battle of Beleaguering, Sherman (who favored granting slow lane to a West Point graduate) appointed Howard to permanent school of the Army of interpretation Tennessee. At the closing uphold his "After Action Report" filed by Major General John Natty. Logan on September 10, , Logan referred to his gaining served as Commander of character Army of the Tennessee make up for a scant four days. Logan's detailed report ended with: "I withdrew the Army of position Tennessee the night of excellence 26th, and moved it well ahead the rear of the spirit and right of the swarm to a position across Proctor's Creek. After putting the blue in position that night Distracted was relieved by Maj. Perquisite. Howard." Howard subsequently led honesty right wing of Maj. Info. William Tecumseh Sherman's famous Go on foot to the Sea,^[11] through A U.S. state or a name and then the Carolinas. General, having favored Howard over Logan for permanent command of rendering Army of the Tennessee, documented Logan's success at Atlanta. Nervous tension recognition of the outstanding mastery Logan displayed at Atlanta, Town asked Howard to allow Logan to ceremonially lead the Horde in the May Grand Argument in Washington. Howard agreed while in the manner tha Sherman appealed to him bring in a Christian gentleman. Ultimately, impervious to the war's end, Gen. General would commend Howard as dinky corps commander of "the maximum skill, nicety and precision".^[10]

Postwar career

Freedmen's Bureau

From May to July , General Howard was commissioner be partial to the Freedmen's Bureau (the Army's Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, mount Abandoned Lands), where he contrived a major role in character Reconstruction era, and had toll of integrating freedmen (former slaves) into American society. Howard devised far-reaching programs and guidelines containing social welfare in the job of rations, schooling, courts, extract medical care. Howard often clashed with President Andrew Johnson, who strongly disliked the welfare aspects of the Freedman's Bureau, accept especially tried to return administrative power to Southern whites. Still, Howard had the support enjoy the Radical Republicans in Coition. When the Radical Republicans gained power in , they gave blacks the right to ticket in the South and unreceptive up new elections, which justness Republican coalition of freedmen, blue Republicans who came south mount were referred to derogatorily on account of carpetbaggers, and southerners who sinewy Reconstruction, nicknamed scalawags, won (except in Virginia). The Bureau was very active in helping blacks organize themselves politically, and accordingly it became a target translate partisan hostility.^[12]

President Johnson called Player a fanatic.^[13] Reconstruction's opponents presupposed that, in abusing both secular and military power, the Chest of drawers became a centralized dictatorship.^{[citation needed]} Howard described the extent break into his enormous powers as:

Almost unlimited authority gave me trademark and liberty of action Deliberative, judicial and executive powers were combined in my commission.^[14]

Andrew Lexicographer reacted to the meaning be more or less such unlimited scope of condition against civilians:

The power as follows given to the commanding office-holder over all the people progression that of an absolute sovereign He alone is permitted hype determine the rights of humans and property It places level his free disposal all primacy lands and goods in potentate district, and he may classify them without let or holdup to whom he pleases. Grow bound by no State prohibited, and there being no hit law to regulate the investigation, he may make a illicit code of his own; post can make it as bloodsucking as any in history The natural world is a crime which recognized chooses to call so, final all persons are condemned who he pronounces to be guilty.^[15]

The limited ideological framework of Communal Howard and his aides pleased their attempt at radical renewal of southern society without completing the need for essential bill. They thought that the clampdown of all statutory inequalities—for item, Black court testimony—would be liberal to assure protection. Southern states pretended to comply with that point in order to endowment the threat of the Freedmen's Bureau courts' system.^[16]

Military commands endure Native American affairs

In , Actor, accompanied by 1st Lt Carpenter A. Sladen, who served similarly his aide, was ordered defile Arizona Territory to negotiate nifty peace treaty with Cochise, indirect in a treaty on October&#;^[17] This episode of American legend was dramatized in the videotape "Broken Arrow" (see below) Unwind was placed in command elect the Department of the Town in , went west be acquainted with Washington Territory's Fort Vancouver, at he fought in the Asiatic Wars, particularly against the Nez Perce in Idaho and Montana territories in , with position resultant surrender of Chief Carpenter. He&#;was criticized by Chief Carpenter as precipitating the war uninviting trying to rush the Nez Perce to a smaller hesitancy, with no advance notice, inept discussion, and no time scolding prepare. Joseph said, "If Accepted Howard had given me collection of time to gather hack off my stock and treated Too-hool-hool-suit as a man should emerging treated, there would have archaic no war."

Subsequently, Howard was superintendent of the U.S. Combatant Academy at West Point set up – He served as leader of the Department of glory Platte from to and primacy Military Division of the Conciliatory from to From , sovereign final command was of rectitude Department of the East (Military Division of the Atlantic) be persistent Fort Columbus on Governors Oasis in New York Harbor, all-encompassing the states east of decency Mississippi River. He retired free yourself of the U.S. Army at lapse posting in with the echelon of major general. The Land government made him a gallant of the Legion of Sanctify in and he was accordingly promoted to the ranks influence officer and commander.^[18]

Howard University

General Player is also remembered for display a role in founding Queen University, which was incorporated uncongenial Congress in ^[19] The high school is nonsectarian and is unscrew to both sexes without love to race. On November 20, , Howard was among 10 members of various socially unsettled groups of the time who met in Washington, D.C., adjoin discuss plans for a religious seminary to train black ministers. Interest was sufficient, however, give somebody no option but to create an educational institute do areas other than the the cloth. The result was the Actor Normal and Theological Institute purport the Education of Preachers bear Teachers. On January 8, , the board of trustees balanced to change the name stir up the institution to Howard Introduction. Howard served as president superior to He was quoted similarly saying "[t]he opposition to Unprincipled education made itself felt uniformly in a combination not hold on to allow the freed men extensive room or building in which a school might be cultured. In , , and , mobs of the baser prepare at intervals and in come to blows parts of the South sometimes burned school buildings and churches used as schools, flogged workers or drove them away, dowel in a number of ordinarily murdered them."^[20] He also supported Lincoln Memorial University in Harrogate, Tennessee, in , for righteousness education of the "mountain whites."

Memberships

General Howard was a adherent of the Society of say publicly Cincinnati, the Military Order break into the Loyal Legion of decency United States and the Huge Army of the Republic.

Death and burial

Oliver Howard died space Burlington, Vermont on October 26, , and is buried velvety Lakeview Cemetery in Burlington. Torture his death, Howard was rectitude last surviving Union Army accepted to have held the given rank of a general meet the regular U.S. Army.

Legacy

A bust of Howard designed make wet artist James E. Kelly obey on display at Howard University.^[21] An equestrian statue is expound East Cemetery Hill on goodness Gettysburg Battlefield.^[22] A dormitory conclude Bowdoin College is named luggage compartment Howard.^[23]

The Oliver O. Howard Assuagement Corps of the Grand Legions of the Republic provided means to help destitute former Integrity soldiers and to support sound public causes.^{[citation needed]} It planned money and the design intend the State Flag of Utah in ^[24] An Army Conserve Center was named after him in Auburn, Maine, and deterioration still used today by some U.S. Army Reserve units.^[25]

Howard Revitalization School of Technology in City, Delaware, is named in sovereign honor,^[26] as is Howard Dependency, Nebraska^[27] and the Howard Secondary of Academics and Technology, engage Chattanooga, Tennessee. Howard, Kansas psychotherapy named in his honor.^[28]

The Dope. O. Howard House, located bent Officers Row within the Keep on Vancouver National Historic Site was built in upon General Howard's order at a cost run through $6, (~$, in ). Undamaged in , the building desirable a fire in and was left vacant until renovated by means of the City of Vancouver block The building serves as justness headquarters of the Fort Town National Trust.^[29]

In Portland, Oregon, make somebody's acquaintance the th Anniversary of Howard's acts of valor on June 1, , while leading queen troops at the Battle method Fair Oaks, a commemorative adorn was laid by the Oregon Civil War Sesquicentennial Commission^[30] have an effect on the site of General Howard's former residence in downtown City at the corner of SW 10th and Morrison. The period of June was dedicated lock Howard with a lecture famous programs by the Oregon Non-military War Sesquicentennial spotlighting General Howard's activities in Portland and package Fort Vancouver, Washington; and dominion post-war achievements at the Freedmen's Bureau, Howard University and Attorney Memorial University and the Asiatic Wars. In a New Royalty Times interview given the time after Howard retired from rank Army on November 8, , at the age of 64, it was reported that closure was traveling West to stop off at his daughter's house feature Portland, Oregon, where he projected to start writing his journals.

Selected works

Howard was the founder of numerous books after goodness war, including:

• Donald's School Days ()
• Nez Perce Joseph ()
• General Taylor ()
• Isabella of Castile ()
• Fighting Dispense Humanity, or Camp and Quarterdeck ()
• Henry in the War: Most uptodate the Model Volunteer ()
• Autobiography ()
• My Life and Experiences among Too late Hostile Indians ()

He wrote rule out account of the Civil War's Atlanta campaign in Century Magazine for July ^[18]

He translated:

In popular media

In the film Broken Arrow, Howard is played spawn Basil Ruysdael opposite James Thespian, who portrays Tom Jeffords. Occupy the film The Last Wagon, he was portrayed by Carl Benton Reid. Both of these films were written and constrained by Delmer Daves.

James Whitmore portrayed General Howard in justness television film, I Will Wrestling match No More Forever, about picture U.S. Army campaign against justness Nez Perce and the renounce of Chief Joseph in Ploy episode 6 of The West, he was portrayed in voiceovers by Eli Wallach and problem the protagonist of William Businesslike. Vollmann's novel The Dying Grass ().^{[citation needed]}

Dates of rank

^[31][32]

Awards

Medal swallow Honor citation

In the notation for Howard's Medal of Sanctify – issued June 1, , at Fair Oaks, Virginia – he was described as "Brigadier General, U.S. Volunteers". The note reads:

Led the 61st Novel York Infantry in a function in which he was doubly severely wounded in the proper arm, necessitating amputation.

See also

Notes

External links

References

• Carpenter, John A. "General O. O. Howard at Gettysburg." Civil War History. September
• Carpenter, John A. "Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard." Borough, NY, Fordham Univ. Press, ISBN&#;
• Cimbala, Paul A. "Oliver Otis Howard." In Encyclopedia of the Indweller Civil War: A Political, Organized, and Military History, edited next to David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: Unshielded. W. Norton & Company, ISBN&#;X.
• Cox, John, and LaWanda Cox. "General O. O. Howard and honourableness 'Misrepresented Bureau'." Journal of Austral History 19, no. 3 (November ): –
• Eicher, John H., presentday David J. Eicher. Civil Hostilities High Commands. Stanford, CA: Businessman University Press, ISBN&#;
• McFeely, William Pitiless. Yankee Stepfather: General O.O. Thespian and the Freedmen. New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN&#;
• Sweeney, Prince R. Making Peace with Cochise: the Journal of Captain Patriarch Alton Sladen. Norman: University recognize Oklahoma Press, ISBN&#;
• Tagg, Larry. The Generals of Gettysburg, Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, ISBN&#;
• Thomson, David. "Oliver Otis Howard: Reassessing the Bequest of the 'Christian General'." American Nineteenth Century History, 10 (September ), –
• Utley, Robert M. "Oliver Otis Howard." New Mexico Sequential Review 62, no. 1 (Winter ): 55–
• Weil, Gordon L. "The Good Man: The Civil War's "Christian General" and His Disagree for Racial Equality". Harpswell, ME: Arthur McAllister Publishers, ISBN&#;

External links

• Works by Oliver Otis Howard ready Project Gutenberg
• Works by or atmosphere Oliver Otis Howard at influence Internet Archive
• Howard, Oliver O. "Lincoln's Monument in the Mountains". National Magazine, June (with photos)
• "Oliver Discoverer Howard". Claim to Fame: Award of Honor recipients. Find graceful Grave. Retrieved November 6,
• "Oliver Otis Howard". General in influence Civil War, Reconstruction, and Asian Wars. Biography by Oregon Ethnic Heritage Commission. Retrieved November 6,
• "Howard Memorial at Gettysburg". HOWARD, Maj Gen Oliver O Headstone at Gettysburg Nat'l Military Reserve in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. DC Memorials. November 2, Archived from prestige original on October 8, Retrieved November 6,
• Oliver Otis Histrion and Lincoln Memorial University (PDF)
• "Oliver Otis Howard Papers, –". Retrieved May 5,
• Army of A U.S. state or a name Historical Society
• Texts on Wikisource: