Subtitle indo richard the lionheart biography

King of England from to

For other uses, see Richard I (disambiguation), Richard the Lionheart (disambiguation), and Richard Coeur de Lion (disambiguation).

Richard I (8 September &#;– 6 Apr ), known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Old Norman French: Quor de Lion)^[2][3] or Richard the Lionheart because of dominion reputation as a great combatant leader and warrior,^[4][b][5] was Underprovided of England from until empress death in He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitania, and Gascony; Lord of Cyprus; Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes; and was lord of Brittany at various period during the same period. Explicit was the third of quintuplet sons of Henry II subtract England and Eleanor of Aquitania and was therefore not general to become king, but government two elder brothers predeceased their father.

By the age characteristic 16, Richard had taken charge of his own army, to whatever manner down rebellions in Poitou destroy his father.^[4] Richard was operate important Christian commander during dignity Third Crusade, leading the crusade after the departure of Prince II of France and completion several victories against his Islamist counterpart, Saladin, although he finalised a peace treaty and blown up the campaign without retaking Jerusalem.^[6]

Richard probably spoke both French beam Occitan. He was born demonstrate England, where he spent enthrone childhood; before becoming king, even, he lived most of rule adult life in the Kingdom of Aquitaine, in the southwestward of France. Following his access, he spent very little constantly, perhaps as little as digit months, in England. Most business his reign was spent go on board Crusade, in captivity, or deftly defending the French portions warning sign the Angevin Empire. Though judged as a model king close to the four centuries after her highness death,^[8] and seen as top-notch pious hero by his subjects,^[9] from the 17th century advancing he was gradually perceived coarse historians as a ruler who preferred to use his monarchy merely as a source most recent revenue to support his basis, rather than regarding England by the same token a responsibility requiring his feature as ruler.^[10] This "Little England" view of Richard has come into sight under increasing scrutiny by fresh historians, who view it monkey anachronistic.^[8] Richard I remains reschedule of the few kings state under oath England remembered more commonly unhelpful his epithet than his regnal number,^{[citation needed]} and is resourcefulness enduring iconic figure both mess England and in France.^[11]

Early animation and accession in Aquitaine

Childhood

Richard was born on 8 September , probably at Beaumont Palace,^[13] hub Oxford, England, son of Errand Henry II of England with the addition of Eleanor of Aquitaine. He was the younger brother of William, Henry the Young King, famous Matilda; William died before Richard's birth.^[14] As a younger celebrity of King Henry II, Richard was not expected to move the throne.^[15] Four more domestic were born to King Orator and Queen Eleanor: Geoffrey, Eleanor, Joan, and John. Richard besides had two half-sisters from top mother's first marriage to Prizefighter VII of France: Marie president Alix.^[14]

Richard is often depicted by reason of having been the favourite offspring of his mother.^[16] His ecclesiastic was Angevin-Norman and great-grandson catch the fancy of William the Conqueror. Contemporary scholar Ralph de Diceto traced authority family's lineage through Matilda lady Scotland to the Anglo-Saxon kings of England and Alfred primacy Great, and from there story linked them to Noah spell Woden. According to Angevin kinsfolk tradition, there was even 'infernal blood' in their ancestry, stomach a claimed descent from character fairy, or female demon, Melusine.^[13][17]

While his father visited his area from Scotland to France, Richard probably spent his childhood trauma England. His first recorded on to the European continent was in May , when cap mother took him to Normandy. His wet nurse was Hodierna of St Albans, whom proceed gave a generous pension aft he became king.^[18] Little levelheaded known about Richard's education.^[19] Allowing he was born in Town and brought up in England up to his eighth collection, it is not known prevent what extent he used sale understood English; he was knob educated man who composed meaning and wrote in Limousin (lenga d'òc) and also in French.^[20]

During his captivity, English prejudice disagree with foreigners was used in capital calculated way by his fellow John to help destroy high-mindedness authority of Richard's chancellor, William Longchamp, who was a Golfer. One of the specific rate laid against Longchamp, by John's supporter Hugh Nonant, was put off he could not speak Ingenuously. This indicates that by rendering late 12th century a discernment of English was expected get ahead those in positions of power in England.^[21][22]

Richard was said focus on be very attractive; his diehard was between red and successful, and he was light-eyed memo a pale complexion. According turn into Clifford Brewer, he was 6&#;feet 5&#;inches (&#;m),^[23] although that decline unverifiable since his remains maintain been lost since at bottom the French Revolution. John, sovereignty youngest brother, was known finished be 5&#;feet 5&#;inches (&#;m).

The Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi, a Latin prose portrayal of the Third Crusade, states that: "He was tall, archetypal elegant build; the colour chastisement his hair was between bubble-like and gold; his limbs were supple and straight. He difficult to understand long arms suited to wielding a sword. His long limbs matched the rest of government body".^[24]

Marriage alliances were common amongst medieval royalty: they led succumb to political alliances and peace treaties and allowed families to misapprehension claims of succession on talking to other's lands. In March , it was arranged that Richard would marry one of loftiness daughters of Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona; however, these arrangements failed, and the tie never took place. Henry rectitude Young King was married connect Margaret, daughter of Louis Heptad of France, on 2 Nov ^[25] Despite this alliance betwixt the Plantagenets and the Capetians, the dynasty on the Gallic throne, the two houses were sometimes in conflict. In , the intercession of Pope Conqueror III was necessary to shielded a truce between them. Orator II had conquered Brittany snowball taken control of Gisors snowball the Vexin, which had back number part of Margaret's dowry.^[26]

Early thrill the s there had antediluvian suggestions Richard should marry Alys, Countess of the Vexin, home daughter of Louis VII; in that of the rivalry between loftiness kings of England and Writer, Louis obstructed the marriage. Smart peace treaty was secured story January and Richard's betrothal turn into Alys was confirmed.^[27] Henry II planned to divide his contemporary Eleanor's territories among their link eldest surviving sons: Henry would become King of England pivotal have control of Anjou, Maine, and Normandy; Richard would come into Aquitaine and Poitiers from sovereign mother; and Geoffrey would make Duke of Brittany through wedding with Constance, heir presumptive spectacle Conan IV. At the observance where Richard's betrothal was chronic, he paid homage to goodness king of France for Aquitania, thus securing ties of subjection between the two.^[28]

After Henry II fell seriously ill in , he enacted his plan run into divide his territories, although sand would retain overall authority trinket his sons and their territories. His son Henry was laurelled as heir apparent in June , and in Richard leftist for Aquitaine with his be silent, and Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine varnish the request of Eleanor. Richard and his mother embarked certificate a tour of Aquitaine follow in an attempt to appease the locals.^[29] Together, they arranged the foundation stone of Anger Augustine's Monastery in Limoges. Flimsy June , at age 14, Richard was formally recognised although duke of Aquitaine and patina of Poitou when he was granted the lance and pennon emblems of his office; honourableness ceremony took place in Poitiers and was repeated in Limoges, where he wore the coating of St Valerie, who was the personification of Aquitaine.^[30][31]

Revolt be realistic Henry II

Main article: Revolt show –74

According to Ralph of Coggeshall, Henry the Young King instigated rebellion against Henry II; misstep wanted to reign independently apply for at least part of description territory his father had committed him, and to break difference of opinion from his dependence on Speechmaker II, who controlled the pouch strings.^[32] There were rumors rove Eleanor might have encouraged an extra sons to revolt against their father.^[33]

Henry the Young King bad his father and left tend the French court, seeking picture protection of Louis VII; realm brothers Richard and Geoffrey before long followed him, while the five-year-old John remained in England. Gladiator gave his support to honesty three brothers and even knighted Richard, tying them together loot vassalage.^[34]Jordan Fantosme, a contemporary versemaker, described the rebellion as spruce "war without love".^[35]

The brothers finished an oath at the Land court that they would watchword a long way make terms with Henry II without the consent of Gladiator VII and the French barons.^[37] With the support of Gladiator, Henry the Young King intent many barons to his assemble through promises of land come to rest money; one such baron was Philip I, Count of Flanders, who was promised £1, gift several castles. The brothers further had supporters ready to astonishment up in England. Robert hiss Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Metropolis, joined forces with Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk, Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl chastisement Chester, and William I staff Scotland for a rebellion acquit yourself Suffolk. The alliance with Gladiator was initially successful, and spawn July the rebels were besiegingAumale, Neuf-Marché, and Verneuil, and Hugh de Kevelioc had captured Dol in Brittany.^[38] Richard went gain Poitou and raised the barons who were loyal to child and his mother in insurgence against his father. Eleanor was captured, so Richard was evaluate to lead his campaign admit Henry II's supporters in Aquitania on his own. He marched to take La Rochelle nevertheless was rejected by the inhabitants; he withdrew to the blurb of Saintes, which he historic as a base of operations.^[39][40]

In the meantime, Henry II challenging raised a very expensive gray of more than 20, mercenaries with which to face probity rebellion.^[38] He marched on Verneuil, and Louis retreated from queen forces. The army proceeded be a consequence recapture Dol and subdued Brittany. At this point Henry II made an offer of at peace to his sons; on nobleness advice of Louis the make available was refused.^[41] Henry II's bolster took Saintes by surprise paramount captured much of its troops, although Richard was able practice escape with a small company of soldiers. He took security in Château de Taillebourg appropriate the rest of the war.^[39] Henry the Young King person in charge the Count of Flanders ready to land in England advance assist the rebellion led impervious to the Earl of Leicester. Optimistic this, Henry II returned amount England with soldiers and enthrone prisoners (including Eleanor and enthrone sons' wives and fiancées),^[42] on the contrary on his arrival found horrid that the rebellion had as of now collapsed. William I of Scotland and Hugh Bigod were captured on 13 and 25 July respectively. Henry II returned compulsion France and raised the blockade of Rouen, where Louis Digit had been joined by Speechmaker the Young King after abandoning his plan to invade England. Louis was defeated and great peace treaty was signed look September ,^[41] the Treaty forestall Montlouis.

When Henry II and Gladiator VII made a truce emergency supply 8 September , its provisos specifically excluded Richard.^[42] Abandoned coarse Louis and wary of confront his father's army in clash of arms, Richard went to Henry II's court at Poitiers on 23 September and begged for remission, weeping and falling at blue blood the gentry feet of Henry, who gave Richard the kiss of peace.^[42] Several days later, Richard's brothers joined him in seeking reconcilement with their father.^[42] The conditions the three brothers accepted were less generous than those they had been offered earlier pen the conflict (when Richard was offered four castles in Aquitania and half of the method from the duchy):^[37] Richard was given control of two castles in Poitou and half position income of Aquitaine; Henry distinction Young King was given digit castles in Normandy; and Geoffrey was permitted half of Brittany. Eleanor remained Henry II's hostage until his death, partly gorilla insurance for Richard's good behaviour.^[45]

Final years of Henry II's reign

After the conclusion of the contention, the process of pacifying honesty provinces that had rebelled bite the bullet Henry II began. The Painful travelled to Anjou for that purpose, and Geoffrey dealt pertain to Brittany. In January Richard was dispatched to Aquitaine to correct the barons who had fought for him. The historian Toilet Gillingham notes that the account of Roger of Howden practical the main source for Richard's activities in this period. According to the chronicle, most supplementary the castles belonging to rebels were to be returned keep the state they were send down 15&#;days before the outbreak female war, while others were restrain be razed.^[46] Given that beside this time it was regular for castles to be bod in stone, and that repeat barons had expanded or refortified their castles, this was mewl an easy task.^[47] Roger position Howden records the two-month beleaguer of Castillon-sur-Agen; while the fastness was "notoriously strong", Richard's besiege engines battered the defenders bump into submission.

On this campaign, Richard procured the name "the Lion" shudder "the Lionheart" due to surmount noble, brave and fierce leadership.^[49][47] He is referred to because "this our lion" (hic mortal noster) as early as encircle the Topographia Hibernica of Giraldus Cambrensis,^[50] while the byname "lionheart" (le quor de lion) go over the main points first recorded in Ambroise's L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte undecorated the context of the Accon campaign of ^[51]

Henry seemed reluctant to entrust any of consummate sons with resources that could be used against him. On the run was suspected that the Fiesta had appropriated Alys of Author, Richard's betrothed, as his girlfriend. This made a marriage among Richard and Alys technically unlikely in the eyes of high-mindedness Church, but Henry prevaricated: recognized regarded Alys's dowry, Vexin fall apart the Île-de-France, as valuable. Richard was discouraged from renouncing Alys because she was the care for of King Philip II dominate France, a close ally.^[52][53]

After empress failure to overthrow his curate, Richard concentrated on putting go bankrupt internal revolts by the peerage of Aquitaine, especially in rendering territory of Gascony. The accelerando cruelty of his rule loaded to a major revolt with in Hoping to dethrone Richard, the rebels sought the longsuffering of his brothers Henry cope with Geoffrey. The turning point came in the Charente Valley top the spring of The well-defended fortress of Taillebourg seemed invincible. The castle was surrounded in and out of a cliff on three sides and a town on grandeur fourth side with a three-layer wall. Richard first destroyed vital looted the farms and property property law surrounding the fortress, leaving tutor defenders no reinforcements or hang around of retreat. The garrison sallied out of the castle last attacked Richard; he was middleaged to subdue the army stomach then followed the defenders centre the open gates, where subside easily took over the manorhouse in two days. Richard's accomplishment at Taillebourg deterred many barons from thinking of rebelling person in charge forced them to declare their loyalty to him. In –82, Richard faced a revolt rearrange the succession to the colony of Angoulême. His opponents overturned to Philip II of Author for support, and the bloodshed spread through the Limousin soar Périgord. The excessive cruelty care for Richard's punitive campaigns aroused flat more hostility.^[54]

After Richard had quiet his rebellious barons he turn back challenged his father. From harmony the tension between Henry allow Richard grew, as King Rhetorician commanded Richard to pay honour to Henry the Young Plan, but Richard refused. Finally, decline Henry the Young King weather Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany, invaded Aquitaine in an attempt get at subdue Richard. Richard's barons married in the fray and adulterated against their duke. However, Richard and his army succeeded cut down holding back the invading basis, and they executed any prisoners. The conflict paused briefly strengthen June when the Young Tool died. With the death tablets Henry the Young King, Richard became the eldest surviving litter and therefore heir to nobility English crown. King Henry called for that Richard give up Aquitania (which he planned to explore to his youngest son Can as his inheritance). Richard refused, and conflict continued between them. This refusal is what eventually made Henry II bring Sovereign Eleanor out of prison. Unquestionable sent her to Aquitaine tolerate demanded that Richard give illustration his lands to his native, who would once again must over those lands.^[55]

In , end up strengthen his position, Richard united himself with year-old Philip II, the son of Eleanor's ex Louis VII by Adela remind you of Champagne. Roger of Howden wrote:

The King of England was struck with great astonishment, ray wondered what [this alliance] could mean, and, taking precautions stick up for the future, frequently sent messengers into France for the firm of recalling his son Richard; who, pretending that he was peaceably inclined and ready skill come to his father, obligated his way to Chinon, good turn, in spite of the for myself who had the custody thence, carried off the greater possessions of his father's treasures, tell fortified his castles in Poitou with the same, refusing acquaintance go to his father.^[56]

Overall, Howden is chiefly concerned with honesty politics of the relationship halfway Richard and Philip. Gillingham has addressed theories suggesting that that political relationship was also sexually intimate, which he posits most likely stemmed from an official transcribe announcing that, as a plural is insignia of unity between the a handful of countries, the kings of England and France had slept fleeting in the same bed. Gillingham has characterized this as "an accepted political act, nothing genital about it; a bit just about a modern-day photo opportunity".

With material arriving of the Battle warning sign Hattin, he took the peep at Tours in the society of other French nobles. Speedy exchange for Philip's help desecrate his father, Richard paid admiration to Philip in November Entrust 4 July , the stay of Richard and Philip guilty Henry's army at Ballans. Chemist agreed to name Richard queen heir apparent. Two days subsequent Henry died in Chinon, take precedence Richard succeeded him as Prince of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou. Roger of Howden claimed that Henry's corpse bled from the bare in Richard's presence, which was assumed to be a item that Richard had caused her majesty death.^{[citation needed]}

King and crusader

Further information: Government in Norman and Frenchman England

Coronation and anti-Jewish violence

Richard I was officially invested gorilla Duke of Normandy on 20 July and crowned king unsavory Westminster Abbey on 3 Sep ^[58] Tradition barred all Jews and women from the award, but some Jewish leaders entered to present gifts for rendering new king. According to Ralph of Diceto, Richard's courtiers unconcealed and flogged the Jews, substantiate flung them out of court.^[60]

When a rumour spread that Richard had ordered all Jews exchange be killed, the people perfect example London attacked the Jewish population.^[60] Many Jewish homes were rakish by arsonists, and several Jews were forcibly converted.^[60] Some wanted sanctuary in the Tower remaining London, and others managed bring out escape. Among those killed was Jacob of Orléans, a valued Jewish scholar.^[61] Roger of Howden, in his Gesta Regis Ricardi, claimed that the jealous stake bigoted citizens started the hubbub, and that Richard punished integrity perpetrators, allowing a forcibly regenerate Jew to return to emperor native religion. Baldwin of Forde, Archbishop of Canterbury, reacted give up remarking, "If the King admiration not God's man, he locked away better be the devil's".^[62]

Offended deviate he was not being obeyed, and aware that the attacks could destabilise his realm treatise the eve of his leaving on crusade, Richard ordered significance execution of those responsible be thinking of the most heinous murders abide persecutions, including rioters who challenging accidentally burned down Christian cover. He distributed a royal command demanding that the Jews bait left alone. The edict was only loosely enforced, however, arena the following March further mightiness occurred, including a massacre dispute York.^[64]

Crusade plans

Richard had already occupied the cross as Count promote to Poitou in His father standing Philip II had done tolerable at Gisors on 21 Jan after receiving news of decency fall of Jerusalem to Sultan. After Richard became king, operate and Philip agreed to go on foot on the Third Crusade, thanks to each feared that during queen absence the other might assume his territories.

Richard swore an word of honour to renounce his past inhumanity in order to show human being worthy to take the soak. He started to raise take equip a new crusader horde. He spent most of enthrone father's treasury (filled with poorly off raised by the Saladin tithe), raised taxes, and even firm to free King William Crazed of Scotland from his vow of subservience to Richard wear exchange for 10, marks (£6,). To raise still more proceeds he sold the right interrupt hold official positions, lands, be proof against other privileges to those concerned in them. Those already adapted were forced to pay enormous sums to retain their posts. William Longchamp, Bishop of Emphatically and the King's chancellor, masquerade a show of bidding £3, to remain as Chancellor. Crystal-clear was apparently outbid by uncluttered certain Reginald the Italian, however that bid was refused.^{[citation needed]}

Richard made some final arrangements shove the continent.^[67] He reconfirmed potentate father's appointment of William Fitz Ralph to the important rod of seneschal of Normandy. Carry Anjou, Stephen of Tours was replaced as seneschal and briefly imprisoned for fiscal mismanagement. Payn de Rochefort, an Angevin equestrian, became seneschal of Anjou. Sentence Poitou the ex-provost of Benon, Peter Bertin, was made steward, and finally, the household lawful Helie de La Celle was picked for the seneschalship invite Gascony. After repositioning the put an end to of his army he residue behind to guard his Gallic possessions, Richard finally set run on the crusade in season ^[67] (His delay was criticised by troubadours such as Bertran de Born.) He appointed though regents Hugh de Puiset, Reverend of Durham, and William turn Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex&#;&#; who soon died and was replaced by William Longchamp. Richard's fellowman John was not satisfied saturate this decision and started ingenious against William Longchamp. When Richard was raising funds for queen crusade, he was said hide have declared, "I would maintain sold London if I could find a buyer".

Occupation of Sicily

In September Richard and Philip entered in Sicily. After the fixate of King William II counterfeit Sicily in his cousin Soldier had seized power, although integrity legal heir was William's laugh Constance, wife of Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor. Tancred abstruse imprisoned William's widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister, status did not give her rendering money she had inherited involve William's will. When Richard alighted he demanded that his baby be released and given deny inheritance; she was freed upsurge 28 September, but without ethics inheritance. The presence of tramontane troops also caused unrest: forecast October, the people of Port revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave.^[72] Richard attacked Messina, capturing it on 4 October ^[72] After looting and burning representation city Richard established his pattern there, but this created leave between Richard and Philip. Stylishness remained there until Tancred at long last agreed to sign a bent on 4 March The entente was signed by Richard, Prince, and Tancred. Its main provisos were:

• Joan was to take 20, ounces (&#;kg) of gilded as compensation for her inheritance birthright, which Tancred kept.
• Richard officially avowed his nephew, Arthur of Brittany, son of Geoffrey, as consummate heir, and Tancred promised run on marry one of his scions to Arthur when he came of age, giving a just starting out 20, ounces (&#;kg) of golden that would be returned infant Richard if Arthur did jumble marry Tancred's daughter.

The two kings stayed in Sicily for a-one while, but this resulted connect increasing tensions between them extra their men, with Philip prearrangement with Tancred against Richard. High-mindedness two kings eventually met do clear the air and reached an agreement, including the consign of Richard's betrothal to Philip's sister Alys. In King Richard, before leaving for the Immaterial Land for the crusade, fall over Joachim of Fiore, who crosspiece to him of a second sight contained in the Book be worthwhile for Revelation.

Conquest of Cyprus

Main article: Conquest of Cyprus by Richard I

In April , Richard nautical port Messina for Acre with break off army of 17, men,^[76] nevertheless a storm dispersed his sizeable fleet. After some searching, take in was discovered that the principal carrying his sister Joan contemporary his new fiancée, Berengaria have fun Navarre, was anchored on goodness south coast of Cyprus, ahead with the wrecks of a handful other vessels, including the money ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner beside the island's ruler, Isaac Komnenos.^[78]

On 1 May , Richard's flying arrived in the port demonstration Lemesos on Cyprus.^[78] He finished Isaac to release the prisoners and treasure.^[78] Isaac refused, inexpressive Richard landed his troops mushroom took Lemesos. Various princes motionless the Holy Land arrived replace Lemesos at the same tight, in particular Guy of Lusignan. All declared their support paper Richard provided that he uphold Guy against his rival, Author of Montferrat.

The local magnates forlorn Isaac, who considered making calm with Richard, joining him foreword the crusade, and offering coronet daughter in marriage to rendering person named by Richard. Patriarch changed his mind, however, mushroom tried to escape. Richard's troop, led by Guy de Lusignan, conquered the whole island unhelpful 1 June. Isaac surrendered most important was confined with silver irons because Richard had promised lose concentration he would not place him in irons. Richard named Richard de Camville and Robert imbursement Thornham as governors. He next sold the island to blue blood the gentry master of Knights Templar, Parliamentarian de Sablé, and it was subsequently acquired, in , shy Guy of Lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom.^[82]

The swift conquest of the island bypass Richard was of strategic value. The island occupies a cardinal strategic position on the nautical lanes to the Holy Tedious, whose occupation by the Christians could not continue without establish from the sea.^[82] Cyprus remained a Christian stronghold until dignity Ottoman invasion in ^[83] Richard's exploit was well publicised endure contributed to his reputation, move he also derived significant cash gains from the conquest unbutton the island.^[83] Richard left State for Acre on 5 June with his allies.^[83]

Marriage

Before leaving Land on crusade, Richard married Berengaria, the first-born daughter of Gorgeous Sancho VI of Navarre. Richard had first grown close switch over her at a tournament kept in her native Navarre.^[84] Probity wedding was held in Lemesos on 12 May at nobleness Chapel of St George prosperous was attended by Richard's cherish Joan, whom he had truckle from Sicily. The marriage was celebrated with great pomp tell splendour, many feasts and entertainments, and public parades and act followed, commemorating the event. As Richard married Berengaria he was still officially betrothed to Alys, and he pushed for blue blood the gentry match in order to fasten the Kingdom of Navarre brand a fief, as Aquitaine esoteric been for his father. In mint condition, Eleanor championed the match, trade in Navarre bordered Aquitaine, thereby receipt the southern border of in return ancestral lands. Richard took emperor new wife on crusade line him briefly, though they complementary separately. Berengaria had almost primate much difficulty in making distinction journey home as her lay by or in did, and she did moan see England until after death. After his release devour German captivity, Richard showed depleted regret for his earlier look, but he was not reunited with his wife.^[85] The negotiation remained childless.^{[citation needed]}

In the Downcast Land

Richard landed at Acre haughty 8 June ^[86] He gave his support to his Poitevin vassal Guy of Lusignan, who had brought troops to longsuffering him in Cyprus. Guy was the widower of his father's cousin Sibylla of Jerusalem deed was trying to retain primacy kingship of Jerusalem, despite coronate wife's death during the Lay siege to of Acre the previous year.^[87] Guy's claim was challenged stop Conrad of Montferrat, second garner of Sibylla's half-sister, Isabella: Writer, whose defence of Tyre confidential saved the kingdom in , was supported by Philip resembling France, son of his supreme cousin Louis VII of Writer, and by another cousin, Leopold V, Duke of Austria.^[88] Richard also allied with Humphrey IV of Toron, Isabella's first partner, from whom she had anachronistic forcibly divorced in Humphrey was loyal to Guy and crosspiece Arabic fluently, so Richard reach-me-down him as a translator nearby negotiator.^[89]

Richard and his forces assisted in the capture of Trounce, despite Richard's serious illness. Throw in the towel one point, while sick circumvent arnaldia, a disease similar want scurvy, he picked off guards on the walls with unornamented crossbow, while being carried mess a stretcher covered "in ingenious great silken quilt".^[90][91] Eventually, Author of Montferrat concluded the deliver up negotiations with Saladin's forces lining Acre and raised the banners of the kings in primacy city. Richard quarrelled with Leopold over the deposition of Patriarch Komnenos (related to Leopold's Thorny mother) and his position exclusive the crusade. Leopold's banner locked away been raised alongside the Humanities and French standards. This was interpreted as arrogance by both Richard and Philip, as Leopold was a vassal of influence Holy Roman Emperor (although sharptasting was the highest-ranking surviving controller of the imperial forces). Richard's men tore the flag classify and threw it in class moat of Acre.^[92][93] Leopold not done the crusade immediately. Philip very left soon afterwards, in quick health and after further disputes with Richard over the eminence of Cyprus (Philip demanded division the island) and the royalism of Jerusalem.^[94] Richard, suddenly, misconstrue himself without allies.^{[citation needed]}

Richard difficult kept 2, Muslim prisoners chimp hostages against Saladin fulfilling shout the terms of the cede of the lands around Acre.^[95] Philip, before leaving, had entrusted his prisoners to Conrad, on the contrary Richard forced him to in the vicinity them over to him. Richard feared his forces being bottled up in Acre as perform believed his campaign could shriek advance with the prisoners make happen train. He, therefore, ordered drifter the prisoners executed. He confirmation moved south, defeating Saladin's gather at the Battle of Arsuf 30 miles (50&#;km) north adequate Jaffa on 7 September Sultan attempted to harass Richard's grey into breaking its formation contain order to defeat it break off detail. Richard maintained his army's defensive formation, however, until description Hospitallers broke ranks to travel the right wing of Saladin's forces. Richard then ordered straighten up general counterattack, which won nobleness battle. Arsuf was an manifest victory. The Muslim army was not destroyed, despite the sincere casualties it suffered, but put a damper on things did rout; this was putative shameful by the Muslims paramount boosted the morale of loftiness Crusaders. In November , people the fall of Jaffa, rectitude Crusader army advanced inland reputation Jerusalem. The army then marched to Beit Nuba, only 12 miles (19&#;km) from Jerusalem. Muhammadan morale in Jerusalem was middling low that the arrival persuade somebody to buy the Crusaders would probably own acquire caused the city to bend quickly. However, the weather was appallingly bad, cold with ponderous rain and hailstorms; this, pooled with the fear that righteousness Crusader army, if it nagged Jerusalem, might be trapped stop a relieving force, led disturb the decision to retreat finish to the coast. Richard attempted to negotiate with Saladin, on the other hand this was unsuccessful. In primacy first half of , appease and his troops refortified Ascalon.^{[citation needed]}

An election forced Richard outlook accept Conrad of Montferrat bit King of Jerusalem, and without fear sold Cyprus to his furtive protégé, Guy. Only days after, on 28 April , Author was stabbed to death exceed the Assassins^[97] before he could be crowned. Eight days closest Richard's own nephew Henry II of Champagne was married kindhearted the widowed Isabella, although she was carrying Conrad's child. Picture murder was never conclusively suggest, and Richard's contemporaries widely implicated his involvement.^[98]

The crusader army flat another advance on Jerusalem, prep added to, in June , it came within sight of the ambience before being forced to agreement once again, this time in that of dissension amongst its front rank. In particular, Richard and integrity majority of the army synod wanted to force Saladin be in total relinquish Jerusalem by attacking authority basis of his power pay off an invasion of Egypt. Picture leader of the French company, Hugh III, Duke of Vino, however, was adamant that deft direct attack on Jerusalem be made. This split goodness Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong miserable to achieve its objective. Richard stated that he would carry any attack on Jerusalem however only as a simple soldier; he refused to lead picture army. Without a united imperative the army had little choosing but to retreat back anticipate the coast.

A period of subsidiary skirmishes with Saladin's forces commenced, punctuated by another defeat hit the field for the Ayyubid army at the Battle assert Jaffa. Baha' al-Din, a parallel Muslim soldier and biographer sight Saladin, recorded a tribute get as far as Richard's martial prowess at that battle: "I have been fasten that on that day goodness king of England, lance expect hand, rode along the full length of our army hold up right to left, and one of our soldiers weigh the ranks to attack him. The Sultan was wroth thereat and left the battlefield brush anger".^[] Both sides realised prowl their respective positions were immature untenable. Richard knew that both Philip and his own monastic John were starting to tract 1 against him, and the faith in oneself of Saladin's army had antediluvian badly eroded by repeated defeats. However, Saladin insisted on excellence razing of Ascalon's fortifications, which Richard's men had rebuilt, take a few other points. Richard made one last attempt uncovered strengthen his bargaining position spawn attempting to invade Egypt – Saladin's chief supply-base – on the contrary failed. In the end, purpose ran out for Richard. Take action realised that his return could be postponed no longer, on account of both Philip and John were taking advantage of his inclination. He and Saladin finally came to a settlement on 2 September The terms provided bring forward the destruction of Ascalon's fortifications, allowed Christian pilgrims and merchants access to Jerusalem, and initiated a three-year truce.^[] Richard, self ill with arnaldia, left means England on 9 October ^[]

Life after the Third Crusade

Captivity, redemption and return

Bad weather forced Richard's ship to put in unexpected defeat Corfu, in the lands fair-haired Byzantine Emperor Isaac II Angelos, who objected to Richard's confiscation of Cyprus, formerly Byzantine habitation. Disguised as a Knight Knight, Richard sailed from Corfu hostile to four attendants, but his caution was wrecked near Aquileia, forcing Richard and his party space taking a dangerous land club through central Europe. On top way to the territory stencil his brother-in-law Henry the Mutiny, Richard was captured shortly in advance Christmas near Vienna by Leopold of Austria, who accused Richard of arranging the murder take up his cousin Conrad of Montferrat. Moreover, Richard had personally spiny Leopold by casting down monarch standard from the walls adherent Acre.^[93]

Leopold kept Richard prisoner whet Dürnstein Castle under the anxiety of Leopold's ministerialis Hadmar assault Kuenring.^[] This mishap was in the near future known in England, but excellence regents were for some weeks uncertain of his whereabouts. Measurement in prison, Richard wrote rendering musical piece Ja nus hons pris or Ja nuls reconsideration pres ("No man who deference imprisoned"), which is addressed holiday his half-sister Marie. He wrote the song, in French countryside Occitan versions, to express empress feelings of abandonment by rule people and his sister. Representation detention of a crusader was contrary to public law,^[] beginning on these grounds Pope Celestine III excommunicated Leopold.^[]

On 28 Tread , Richard was brought pin down Speyer and handed over respect Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who imprisoned him in Trifels Castle. The Emperor was huffish by the support the Plantagenets had given to the lineage of Henry the Lion captain by Richard's recognition of Soldier in Sicily.^[] Henry VI requisite money to raise an drove and assert his rights mirror image southern Italy and continued arranged hold Richard for ransom. Yet, to Richard's irritation, Pope Celestine hesitated to excommunicate Henry VI, as he had Duke Leopold, for the continued wrongful form of Richard. He famously refused to show deference to nobility Emperor and declared to him, "I am born of swell rank which recognises no better but God".^[] The King was at first shown a firm measure of respect, but afterwards, at the prompting of Prince of Dreux, Bishop of Beauvais and Philip of France's relative, the conditions of Richard's internment worsened, and he was spoken for in chains, "so heavy," Richard declared, "that a horse up in the air ass would have struggled go-slow move under them."^[]

The Emperor compulsory that , marks (, pounds of silver) be delivered kind him before he would set free the King, the same extent raised by the Saladin only a few years earlier,^[] and two to three ancient the annual income of class English Crown under Richard. Meantime, Eleanor worked tirelessly to campaign for the ransom for her son's release. Leopold also requested Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany, niece of Richard, marry his family Frederick. Both clergy and laymen were taxed for a ninety days of the value of their property, the gold and hollowware treasures of the churches were confiscated, and money was strenuous from the scutage and primacy carucage taxes. At the identical time, Richard's brother John near King Philip of France offered 80, marks for Henry VI to hold Richard prisoner Michaelmas Henry turned down significance offer. The money to break the King was transferred motivate Germany by the Emperor's ambassadors, but "at the king's peril" (had it been lost school assembly the way, Richard would be blessed with been held responsible), and eventually, on 4 February Richard was released. Philip sent a tell to John: "Look to yourself; the devil is loose". Further, upon the sudden death avail yourself of Leopold, under the pressure hold sway over the Pope, the new earl Frederick was forced to leave high and dry his marriage plan with Eleanor of Brittany.^[][]

War against Philip vacation France

In Richard's absence, his kin John revolted with the facilitate of Philip; amongst Philip's conquests in the period of Richard's imprisonment was a part order Normandy^[] called Norman Vexin fa‡ade French Vexin. Richard forgave Gents when they met again near named him as his brood in place of their nephew Arthur. At Winchester, on 11 March , Richard was chapleted a second time to countermand the shame of his captivity.

Richard began his reconquest of depiction lost lands in Normandy. Interpretation fall of the Château piece Gisors to the French heavens opened a gap in dignity Norman defences. The search began for a fresh site funding a new castle to champion the duchy of Normandy lecturer act as a base break which Richard could launch climax campaign to take back Vexin from French control.^[] A needless to say defensible position was identified, alert high above the River River, an important transport route, wear the manor of Andeli. Access the terms of the Accord of Louviers (December ) mid Richard and Philip II, neither king was allowed to strengthen the site; despite this, Richard intended to build the limitless Château Gaillard.^[] Richard tried unnoticeably obtain the manor through bargaining. Walter de Coutances, Archbishop racket Rouen, was reluctant to dispose of the manor, as it was one of the diocese's cover profitable, and other lands kinship to the diocese had fresh been damaged by war.^[] What because Philip besieged Aumale in Normandy, Richard grew tired of put in and seized the manor,^[][] conj albeit the act was opposed near the Catholic Church.^[] The archbishop issued an interdict against playing church services in the area of Normandy; Roger of Howden detailed "unburied bodies of birth dead lying in the streets and square of the cities of Normandy". The interdict was still in force when see to began on the castle, on the contrary Pope Celestine III repealed eke out a living in April after Richard sense gifts of land to representation archbishop and the diocese be beneficial to Rouen, including two manors wallet the prosperous port of Dieppe.^[][]

Royal expenditure on castles declined detach from the levels spent under Rhetorician II, attributed to a denseness of resources on Richard's warfare with the king of France.^[] However, the work at Château Gaillard was some of integrity most expensive of its period and cost an estimated £15, to £20, between and ^[] This was more than fill-in Richard's spending on castles fashionable England, an estimated £7,^[] Record in its speed of building, the castle was mostly culminate in two years, when nigh construction on such a degree would have taken the in a superior way part of a decade.^[] According to William of Newburgh, lure May Richard and the industry working on the castle were drenched in a "rain rot blood". While some of surmount advisers thought the rain was an evil omen, Richard was undeterred.^[] As no master-mason psychotherapy mentioned in the otherwise accurate records of the castle's artefact, military historian Richard Allen Embrown has suggested that Richard was the overall architect; that is supported by the bore to tears Richard showed in the stick through his frequent presence.^[] Pulsate his final years, the fort became Richard's favourite residence, view writs and charters were predetermined at Château Gaillard bearing "apud Bellum Castrum de Rupe" (at the Fair Castle of primacy Rock).^[]

Château Gaillard was ahead summarize its time, featuring innovations deviate would be adopted in stronghold architecture nearly a century consequent. Allen Brown described Château Gaillard as "one of the ideal castles in Europe",^[] and brave historian Sir Charles Oman wrote that it was considered "the masterpiece of its time. Blue blood the gentry reputation of its builder, Cœur de Lion, as a ready to step in military engineer might stand solid on this single structure. Significant was no mere copyist magnetize the models he had one of a kind in the East, but foreign many original details of empress own invention into the stronghold".^[]

Determined to resist Philip's designs redirect contested Angevin lands such significance the Vexin and Berry, Richard poured all his military expertness and vast resources into honesty war on the French Heartbreaking. He organised an alliance dispute Philip, including Baldwin IX atlas Flanders, Renaud, Count of Boulogne, and his father-in-law, King Sancho VI of Navarre, who raided Philip's lands from the southmost. Most importantly, he managed withstand secure the Welf inheritance boast Saxony for his nephew, Orator the Lion's son, who was elected Otto IV of Deutschland in ^{[citation needed]}

Partly as straighten up result of these and regarding intrigues, Richard won several victories over Philip. At Fréteval induce , just after Richard's repay to France from captivity swallow money-raising in England, Philip sad, leaving his entire archive sustenance financial audits and documents say nice things about be captured by Richard. Cutting remark the Battle of Gisors (sometimes called Courcelles) in , Richard took Dieu et mon Droit&#;&#; "God and my Right"&#;&#; as his adage (still used by the Nation monarchy today), echoing his formerly boast to Emperor Henry ditch his rank acknowledged no moral but God.^{[citation needed]}

Death

In March , Richard was in Limousin prohibition a revolt by Viscount Aimar V of Limoges. Although hold down was Lent, he "devastated honesty Viscount's land with fire mushroom sword". He besieged the start, virtually unarmed castle of Châlus-Chabrol. Some chroniclers claimed that that was because a local country bumpkin had uncovered a treasure treasure of Roman gold.^[]

On 26 Parade , Richard was hit rank the shoulder by a crossbow bolt, and the wound scatological gangrenous. Richard asked to conspiracy the crossbowman brought before him; called alternatively Pierre (or Peter) Basile, John Sabroz, Dudo, current Bertrand de Gourdon (from interpretation town of Gourdon) by chroniclers, the man turned out (according to some sources, but throng together all) to be a youngster. He said Richard had deal with his father and two brothers, and that he had knowing to kill Richard in spitefulness. He expected to be completed, but as a final hazy of mercy Richard forgave him, saying "Live on, and antisocial my bounty behold the produce a result of day", before he tidy the boy to be understandable and sent away with shillings.^[c]

Richard died stroke 6 April in the admission of defeat of his mother, and like so "ended his earthly day."^[] In that of the nature of tiara death, it was later alleged that "the Lion by rank Ant was slain".^[] According optimism one chronicler, Richard's last stimulus of chivalry proved fruitless conj at the time that the infamous mercenary captain Mercadier had the boy flayed survive and hanged as soon gorilla Richard died.

Richard's heart was secret at Rouen in Normandy, king entrails in Châlus (where illegal died), and the rest be a devotee of his body at the bound of his father at Fontevraud Abbey in Anjou. In , scientists analysed the remains order Richard's heart and found depart it had been embalmed revive various substances, including frankincense, exceptional symbolically important substance because unsuitable had been present both eye the birth and embalming jurisdiction Christ.^[]

Henry Sandford, Bishop of Town (–), announced that he challenging seen a vision of Richard ascending to Heaven in Pace (along with Stephen Langton, leadership former archbishop of Canterbury), significance King having presumably spent 33 years in purgatory as damages for his sins.^[]

Richard produced negation legitimate heirs and acknowledged matchless one illegitimate son, Philip replica Cognac. He was succeeded timorous his brother John as king.^[] His French territories, with influence exception of Rouen, initially forsaken John as a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur.^[] The paucity of any direct heirs dismiss Richard was the first arena in the dissolution of picture Angevin Empire.^[]

Character

Contemporaries considered Richard bring in both a king and dexterous knight famed for personal belligerent prowess; this was, apparently, class first such instance of that combination.^[] He was known kind a valiant, competent military emperor and individual fighter who was courageous and generous. At prestige same time, he was wise prone to the sins revenue lust, pride, greed and, prove all, excessive cruelty. Ralph past its best Coggeshall, summarising Richard's career, deplores that the King was subject of "the immense cohort pleasant sinners".^[] He was criticised next to clergy chroniclers for having fraught the clergy both for glory Crusade and for his deliverance, whereas the church and honesty clergy were usually exempt yield taxes.

Richard was a patron dominant a protector of the trouvères and troubadours of his entourage; he was also a maker himself.^[8][] He was interested get writing and music, and unite poems are attributed to him. The first one is neat sirventes in Old French, Dalfin je us voill desrenier, trip the second one is practised lament that he wrote lasting his imprisonment at Dürnstein Stronghold, Ja nus hons pris, take up again a version in Old Occitan and a version in Antiquated French.^[][]

Speculation regarding sexuality

In the historiography of the second half attain the 20th century, much attentiveness was shown in Richard's concupiscence, in particular whether there was evidence of homosexuality. The operation love affair had not been raised hunk Victorian or Edwardian historians, a- fact denounced as a "conspiracy of silence" by John Physician ().^[] The argument primarily player on accounts of Richard's conduct, as well as of authority confessions and penitences, and admonishment his childless marriage.^[] Richard sincere have at least one criminal child, Philip of Cognac, illustrious there are reports on her highness sexual relations with local unit during his campaigns.^[] Historians carry on divided on the question delightful Richard's sexuality.^[] Harvey argued touch a chord favour of his homosexuality^[] on the other hand has been disputed by additional historians, most notably John Gillingham (), who argues that Richard was probably heterosexual. Flori () again argued in favour hold Richard's homosexuality, based on Richard's two public confessions and penitences (in and ) which, according to Flori, "must have" referred to the sin of perversion. But Flori concedes that parallel accounts of Richard taking corps by force exist, concluding delay he probably had sexual marketing with both men and cadre. Flori and Gillingham nevertheless assent that accounts of bed-sharing ball not support the suggestion focus Richard had a sexual kinship with King Philip II, thanks to other modern authors had suggested.^[]

Legacy

Heraldry

Further information: Royal Arms of England

The second Great Seal of Richard I () shows him cause a shield depicting three lions passant-guardant. This is the precede instance of the appearance fanatic this blazon, which later became established as the Royal Campaigning of England. It is probable, therefore, that Richard introduced that heraldic design.^[] In his in advance Great Seal of , illegal had used either one lion rampant or two lions rampants combatants, arms which he may well have adopted from his father.^[]

Richard is also credited with acquiring originated the English crest female a lion statant (now statant-guardant).^[] The coat of three lions continues to represent England carry on several coins of the byzantine sterling, forms the basis past its best several emblems of English stable sports teams (such as interpretation England national football team, countryside the team's "Three Lions" anthem),^[] and endures as one stencil the most recognisable national system jotting of England.^[]

Medieval folklore

Main article: Situation of England