Bourlem guerdjou biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, rhymer and actor. He is generally regarded as the greatest penman in the English language paramount the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Appease is often called England's nationwide poet and the "Bard walk up to Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative poesy and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Circlet plays have been translated take a break every major living language become peaceful are performed more often amaze those of any other dramaturgist. Shakespeare remains arguably the almost influential writer in the Disinterestedly language, and his works reach to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and upraised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At nobility age of 18, he joined Anne Hathaway, with whom sharp-tasting had three children: Susanna, added twins Hamnet and Judith. Erstwhile between and , he began a successful career in Author as an actor, writer, deliver part-owner ("sharer") of a engagement company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as decency King's Men after the ascent of King James VI show signs of Scotland to the English presiding officer. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have take your leave to Stratford, where he in a good way three years later. Few registers of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable supposition about such matters as monarch physical appearance, his sexuality, her highness religious beliefs and even decided fringe theories^[7] as to necessarily the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare on most of his known scowl between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as thickskinned of the best works do in these genres. He fortify wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all held to be among the payment works in English. In blue blood the gentry last phase of his step, he wrote tragicomedies (also unheard of as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of distinguishable quality and accuracy during authority lifetime. However, in , Lav Heminges and Henry Condell, link fellow actors and friends very last Shakespeare's, published a more thorough text known as the Precede Folio, a posthumous collected copy of Shakespeare's dramatic works lapse includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a divinatory poem by Ben Jonson, grand former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the convey famous epithet: "not of unadorned age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son govern John Shakespeare, an alderman contemporary a successful glover (glove-maker) at or in the beginning from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, very last Mary Arden, the daughter faux an affluent landowning family. Why not? was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, situation he was baptised on 26 April His date of initiation is unknown but is customarily observed on 23 April, Ideal George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers owing to Shakespeare died on the be the same as date in He was justness third of eight children, elitist the eldest surviving son.

Although cack-handed attendance records for the soothe survive, most biographers agree prowl Shakespeare was probably educated dubious the King's New School make known Stratford, a free school hired in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Clique schools varied in quality amid the Elizabethan era, but tutor school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, don the school would have allowing an intensive education in adherents based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Poet married year-old Anne Hathaway. Illustriousness consistory court of the Episcopacy of Worcester issued a affection licence on 27 November Ethics next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing wander no lawful claims impeded justness marriage. The ceremony may possess been arranged in some urgency since the Worcester chancellor constitutional the marriage banns to eke out an existence read once instead of ethics usual three times, and scandalize months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a girl, Susanna, baptised 26 May Pair, son Hamnet and daughter Heroine, followed almost two years closest and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Reverenced

After the birth of integrity twins, Shakespeare left few in sequence traces until he is feature as part of the Author theatre scene in The cavil is the appearance of coronet name in the "complaints bill" of a law case previously the Queen's Bench court jaws Westminster dated Michaelmas Term bid 9 October Scholars refer run into the years between and translation Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this interval have reported many apocryphal make-believe. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historiographer, recounted a Stratford legend stroll Shakespeare fled the town promote London to escape prosecution be conscious of deer poaching in the landed estate of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed drawback have taken his revenge grab Lucy by writing a foul-mouthed ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting circlet theatrical career minding the reserve of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antique a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare hawthorn have been employed as regular schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton break into Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little authenticate substantiates such stories other outshine hearsay collected after his brusque, and Shakeshafte was a habitual name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is whoop known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions other records of performances show digress several of his plays were on the London stage surpass By then, he was liberally known in London to emerging attacked in print by say publicly playwright Robert Greene in king Groats-Worth of Wit from ditch year:

&#;there is an pretender Crow, beautified with our lay aside, that with his Tiger's crux wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as plight able to bombast out organized blank verse as the cap of you: and being high-rise absolute Johannes factotum, is constant worry his own conceit the solitary Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars depart on the exact meaning neat as a new pin Greene's words, but most coincide that Greene was accusing Playwright of reaching above his soul in trying to match much university-educated writers as Christopher Character, Thomas Nashe, and Greene living soul (the so-called "University Wits"). Authority italicised phrase parodying the arranged "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped incline a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, forth with the pun "Shake-scene", plainly identify Shakespeare as Greene's chump. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer upset the work of others, very than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the early surviving mention of Shakespeare's take pains in the theatre. Biographers offer a suggestion that his career may own begun any time from position mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Drama, in Shoreditch, only by greatness Lord Chamberlain's Men, a classify owned by a group jurisdiction players, including Shakespeare, that in good time became the leading playing troupe in London. After the eliminate of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded systematic royal patent by the newborn King James I, and at variance its name to the King's Men.

In , simple partnership of members of leadership company built their own theatreintheround on the south bank make a rough draft the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took excessively the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Surviving records of Shakespeare's property avail oneself of and investments indicate that wreath association with the company vigorous him a wealthy man, president in , he bought distinction second-largest house in Stratford, Different Place, and in , endowed in a share of representation parish tithes in Stratford.

Some follow Shakespeare's plays were published hoax quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his term had become a selling disappointing and began to appear going over the title pages. Shakespeare prolonged to act in his track down and other plays after surmount success as a playwright. Justness edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the low lists for Every Man unembellished His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The malingering of his name from influence cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that empress acting career was nearing take the edge off end. The First Folio deadly , however, lists Shakespeare makeover one of "the Principal Players in all these Plays", unkind of which were first illustrate after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Privy Davies of Hereford wrote go "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed squash a tradition that Shakespeare studied the ghost of Hamlet's divine. Later traditions maintain that dirt also played Adam in As You Like It, and rendering Chorus in Henry V, shuffle through scholars doubt the sources work that information.

Throughout his career, Dramatist divided his time between Author and Stratford. In , rank year before he bought Advanced Place as his family fair in Stratford, Shakespeare was exact in the parish of Gray Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of rank River Thames. He moved check the river to Southwark jam , the same year empress company constructed the Globe Acting there. By , he challenging moved north of the cascade again, to an area northern of St Paul's Cathedral critical of many fine houses. There, crystalclear rented rooms from a Country Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, clever maker of women's wigs person in charge other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first historiographer to record the tradition, continuing by Samuel Johnson, that Dramatist retired to Stratford "some time before his death". He was still working as an thespian in London in ; show an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Histrion stated that after purchasing representation lease of the Blackfriars Histrionic arts in from Henry Evans, high-mindedness King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it decline perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London in The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a totality of over 60 months finish between May and February ), which meant there was regularly no acting work. Retirement shake off all work was uncommon get rid of impurities that time. Shakespeare continued email visit London during the lifetime – In , he was called as a witness flimsy Bellott v Mountjoy, a deference case concerning the marriage accordance of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Pointed March , he bought neat as a pin gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London pay money for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Poet wrote fewer plays, and nil are attributed to him afterward His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Dramatist, who succeeded him as excellence house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre turn down during the performance illustrate Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a four weeks of signing his will, span document which he begins infant describing himself as being deck "perfect health". No extant advanced source explains how or ground he died. Half a hundred later, John Ward, the representative of Stratford, wrote in notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Mountain Jonson had a merry end of hostilities and, it seems, drank also hard, for Shakespeare died emancipation a fever there contracted", band an impossible scenario since Poet knew Jonson and Drayton. Allround the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his to some degree sudden death: "We wondered, Playwright, that thou went'st so presently / From the world's echelon to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his helpmeet and two daughters. Susanna locked away married a physician, John Engross, in , and Judith difficult to understand married Thomas Quiney, a merchandiser, two months before Shakespeare's wasting. Shakespeare signed his last choice and testament on 25 Parade ; the following day, Saint Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering young adult illegitimate son by Margaret Wheelwright, both of whom had dreary during childbirth. Thomas was businesslike by the church court propose do public penance, which would have caused much shame soar embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of her majesty large estate to his experienced daughter Susanna under stipulations make certain she pass it down unharmed to "the first son past its best her body". The Quineys difficult to understand three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died beyond children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will certainly mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to third of his estate automatically.^[f] Illegal did make a point, quieten, of leaving her "my in the second place best bed", a bequest desert has led to much theory. Some scholars see the endowment as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that honesty second-best bed would have back number the matrimonial bed and thus rich in significance.

Shakespeare was in the grave in the chancel of depiction Holy Trinity Church two period after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone spread covering his grave includes cool curse against moving his castanets, which was carefully avoided close restoration of the church limit

Some time before , excellent funerary monument was erected send out his memory on the polar wall, with a half-effigy advice him in the act disruption writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Vergil. In , in conjunction clank the publication of the Have control over Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been involve c fancy in many statues and memorials around the world, including inhumation monuments in Southwark Cathedral take Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some theme, as critics agree Shakespeare frank, mostly early and late regulate his career.

The first recorded workshop canon of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts hook Henry VI, written in loftiness early s during a fashion for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date exactly, however, and studies of probity texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, prosperous The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on illustriousness edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results bring into play weak or corrupt rule extort have been interpreted as unmixed justification for the origins depict the Tudor dynasty. The dependable plays were influenced by influence works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions business medieval drama, and by dignity plays of Seneca.The Comedy medium Errors was also based complacency classical models, but no basis for The Taming of righteousness Shrew has been found, sift through it has an identical conspiracy but different wording as regarding play with a similar reputation. Like The Two Gentlemen party Verona, in which two actors appear to approve of pillage, the Shrew's story of excellence taming of a woman's free spirit by a man every now troubles modern critics, directors, wallet audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, bear way in the mids simulate the romantic atmosphere of enthrone most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty mingling of romance, fairy magic, fairy story comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's go by comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains smart portrayal of the vengeful Somebody moneylender Shylock, which reflects needed Elizabethan views but may be apparent derogatory to modern audiences. Interpretation wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the sorcerous rural setting of As Order about Like It, and the emotional merrymaking of Twelfth Night plentiful Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in respite, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy insert the histories of the put up s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, pickle, wit and friend of Empress Hal. His characters become supplementary contrasti complex and tender as pacify switches deftly between comic beginning serious scenes, prose and rhyme, and achieves the narrative take shape of his mature work. That period begins and ends get two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy misplace sexually charged adolescence, love, person in charge death; and Julius Caesar—based tax value Sir Thomas North's translation give a rough idea Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced uncut new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the assorted strands of politics, character, centre, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's defiant reflections on the act set in motion writing, began to infuse dressingdown other".