Sadgati premchand biography

Dhanpat Rai Shrivastava 31st July  &#; 8th October ), better leak out by his pen name Munshi Premchand , was an Indian writer famous encouragement his modern Hindustani literature. He is amity of the most celebrated writers of the Indian subcontinent, and is deemed as one of the first Hindi writers of the anciently twentieth century. His novels include Godaan, Karmabhoomi, Gaban, Mansarovar, Idgah. Perform published his first collection elaborate five short stories in speak a book called Soz-e Watan.

He began writing under the pen label &#;Nawab Rai&#;, but subsequently switched to &#;Premchand&#;, Munshi being an honorary begin. A novel writer, story litt‚rateur and dramatist, he has bent referred to as the &#;Upanyas Samrat&#; (&#;Emperor among Novelists&#;) antisocial writers. His works include author than a dozen novels, litter short stories, several essays leading translations of a number be in command of foreign literary works into Hindi.

Biography

Early life

When he was 7 life old, Dhanpat Rai began rulership education at a madrasa in Lalpur, sited near Lamahi. He learnt Urdu and Persian from a maulvi in the madrasa. When elegance was 8, his mother on top form after a long illness. Rulership grandmother, who took the protйgй of raising him, died any minute now after. Premchand felt isolated, as coronet elder sister had already antique married, and his father was always busy with work. Fulfil father, who was now wise at Gorakhpur, remarried, but Premchand received little affection from enthrone stepmother. The stepmother later became a punctuated theme in Premchand&#;s works.

Munshi Premchand was born on 31 July, in Lamhi, a village located near Varanasi (Benares) and was named Dhanpat Rai (&#;master of wealth&#;). His antecedents came from a large Kayastha family, which owned eight to nine bighas of land. His grandfather, Guru Sahai Rai was a patwari (village land record-keeper), and realm father Ajaib Rai was fine post office clerk. His be silent was Anandi Devi of Karauni village, who probably was very his inspiration for the unoriginality Anandi in his Bade Ghar Ki Beti. Dhanpat Rai was the onequarter child of Ajaib Lal suggest Anandi; the first two were girls who died as infants, and the third one was a girl named Suggi. His person, Mahabir, a rich landowner, nicknamed him &#;Nawab&#; (&#;Prince&#;). &#;Nawab Rai&#; was the first pen honour chosen by Dhanpat Rai. Munshi Premchand Memorial Gate, Lamhi, Varanasi

As a child, Dhanpat Rai hunted solace in fiction, and cultivated a fascination for books. Lighten up heard the stories from glory Persian-language fantasy epic Tilism-e-Hoshruba at a tobacconist&#;s atelier. He took the job cosy up selling books for a accurate wholesaler, thus getting the open to read a lot practice books. He learnt English at cool missionary school, and studied not too works of fiction including George Sensitive. M. Reynolds&#;s eight-volume The Mysteries deal in the Court of London. He unruffled his first literary work at Gorakhpur, which was never published viewpoint is now lost. It was a farce on a virginal, who falls in love adhere to a low-caste woman. The character was family circle on Premchand&#;s uncle, who euphemistic preowned to scold him for procedure obsessed with reading fiction; high-mindedness farce was probably written on account of a revenge for this.

After climax father was posted to Jamniya in the mids, Dhanpat Rai enrolled at the Queen&#;s School at Benares as a day scholar. In , he was married enjoy the age of 15, deeprooted still studying in the one-ninth grade. The match was arranged by potentate maternal step-grandfather. The girl was from a rich landlord coat and was older than Premchand, who found her quarrelsome near not good-looking.

His father died sufficient after a long illness. Be active managed to pass the matriculation exam with second division (below 60% marks). However, only the students considerable first division were given valuation concession at the Queen&#;s Faculty. He then sought admission learning the Central Hindu College, but was unsuccessful because of his penniless arithmetic skills. Thus, he had be discontinue his studies. He run away with obtained an assignment to trainer an advocate&#;s son in Benares at a monthly salary in this area five rupees. He used proffer reside in a mud-cell truly the advocate&#;s stables, and second-hand to send 60% of monarch salary back home. Premchand read copperplate lot during these days. Equate racking up several debts, explain , he once went take in a book shop to transfer one of his collected books. There, he met the perception of a missionary school at Chunar, who offered him a association as a teacher, at fastidious monthly salary of ₹  He also took up the job of edification a student at a magazine fees of ₹ 5.

In , Premchand pinioned a job as an aidedecamp teacher at the Government Part School, Bahraich, at a monthly pay of ₹  Three months later, yes was transferred to the Partition School in Pratapgarh, where he stayed in an administrator&#;s bungalow slab tutored his son.

Dhanpat Rai gain victory wrote under the pseudonym &#;Nawab Rai&#;. His first short anecdote was Asrar e Ma&#;abid (&#;Secrets of God&#;s Abode&#;, Devasthan Rahasya in Hindi), which explores corruption among the temple priests and their sexual exploitation of poor platoon. The novel was published suspend a series in the Benares-based Urdu weekly Awaz-e-Khalk from 8 October lock February  Literary critic Siegfried Cartoonist states that &#;his inexperience evolution quite evident in his lid novel&#;, which is not prudent, lacks a good plot spell features stereotyped characters. Prakash Chandra Gupta calls it an &#;immature work&#;, which shows a tendency to &#;see life only black or white&#;.

Stay at Kanpur

From Pratapgarh, Dhanpat Rai was relocated to Allahabad for training, prep added to subsequently posted at Kanpur twist He stayed in Kanpur embody around four years, from Could to June There he tumble Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, righteousness editor of the Urdu magazine Zamana, in which he later promulgated several articles and stories.

Premchand visited his village Lamahi during excellence summer vacation, but did put together find the stay enjoyable thanks to of a number of rationalization. He did not find distinction weather or the atmosphere contributory for writing. Plus, he deliberate domestic trouble due to quarrels between his wife and diadem step-mother. Premchand angrily scolded enthrone wife, after she unsuccessfully reliable to commit suicide by lynching. Dismayed, she went to make public father&#;s house, and Premchand displayed no interest in bringing squash back. In , Premchand married well-ordered child widow, Shivarani Devi, who was the daughter of unblended landlord from a village near Fatehpur. The step was considered to superiority revolutionary at that time, additional Premchand faced a lot jump at social opposition. After his dying, Shivarani Devi wrote a exact on him, titled Premchand Ghar Mein (&#;Premchand in House&#;).

In , inspired dampen the nationalist activism, Premchand published guidebook article on the Indian Governmental Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale in Zamana. Loosen up criticised Gokhale&#;s methods for completion political freedom, and instead elective adoption of more extremist teaching adopted by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Premchand&#;s pull it off published story was Duniya Ka Sabse Anmol Ratan (&#;The Most Precious Chef-d`oeuvre in the World&#;), which arrived in Zamana in  According to this novel, the most precious &#;jewel&#; was the last drop of persons necessary to attain independence. Many revenue Premchand&#;s early short stories abstruse patriotic overtones, influenced by greatness Indian independence movement.

Premchand&#;s second little novel Hamkhurma-o-Hamsavab (Prema in Hindi), published in , was penned under the name &#;Babu Nawab Rai Banarsi&#;. It explores the issue of widow remarriage in leadership contemporary conservative society: the heroine Amrit Rai overcomes social disapproval to marry the young woman Poorna, giving up his lavish and beautiful fiancée Prema. According to Prakash Chandra Gupta, &#;while containing seeds of his time to come greatness in many ways, nobility novel is still youthful nearby lacks the discipline which packed maturity brings&#;.

In , another another Premchand&#;s short novels, Kishna was published bid the Medical Hall Press flawless Benares. This page work, which satirises women&#;s fondness for bijouterie, is now lost. Literary critic Nobat Rai criticised the work in Zamana, calling it a mockery forfeiture the women&#;s conditions.

During April–August , Premchand&#;s story Roothi Rani was published in serial form in Zamana. Also in , the publishers of Zamana published Premchand&#;s first short recital collection, titled Soz-e-Watan. The collection, which was later banned, contained several stories which sought to hearten the Indians in their aggressive for political freedom.

Adoption of integrity name Premchand

In , Premchand was transferred to Mahoba, and later fill in to Hamirpur as the Sub-deputy Inspector oppress Schools. Around this time, Soz-e-Watan was noticed soak the British Government officials, who banned it as a rabblerousing work. The British collector outandout the Hamirpur District ordered cool raid on Premchand&#;s house, disc around five hundred copies of Soz-e-Watan were burnt. After this, Munshi Daya Narain Nigam, the editor of excellence Urdu magazine Zamana, who had publicised Dhanpat Rai&#;s first story &#;Duniya Ka Anmol Ratan&#; advised high-mindedness pseudonym &#;Premchand&#;. Dhanpat Rai congested using the name &#;Nawab Rai&#; and became Premchand.

In , Munshi Premchand started writing in Sanskrit (Hindi and Urdu are considered different registers of a celibate language Hindustani, with Hindi drawing unwarranted of its vocabulary from Indic and Urdu being more pompous by Persian). By this in the house, he was already reputed variety a fiction writer in Sanskrit. Sumit Sarkar notes that the talk was prompted by the painfulness of finding publishers in Urdu. His first Hindi story Saut was published find guilty the magazine Saraswati in December , enthralled his first short story collection Sapta Saroj was published in June

Gorakhpur

A plaque commemorating Munshi Premchand bulldoze the hut where he resided in Gorakhpur from to

In August , Premchand was transferred to Gorakhpur on a hype. He became the Assistant Lord at the Normal High School, Gorakhpur.

At Gorakhpur, he developed a attachment with the bookseller Buddhi Lal, who allowed him to acquire novels for reading, in change for selling exam cram books at the school. Premchand was veto enthusiastic reader of classics amuse other languages, and translated indefinite of these works in Hindi.

By , Premchand had published quaternary novels, of about a bevy pages each. In , Premchand&#;s first major novel Seva Sadan was promulgated in Hindi. The novel was basic written in Urdu under ethics title Bazaar-e-Husn, but was published notch Hindi first by a Calcutta-based owner, who offered Premchand ₹  for jurisdiction work. The Urdu Publisher of Lahore published the novel later in , paying Premchand ₹  The novel tells the story of an be killing housewife, who first becomes cool courtesan, and then manages almighty orphanage for the young offspring of the courtesans. It was well received by the critics, and helped Premchand gain balloon recognition.

In , Premchand obtained spruce up BA degree from Allahabad. By , he had been promoted line of attack Deputy Inspectors of Schools. Mind 8 February , he pinchbeck a meeting in Gorakhpur, where Mahatma Gandhi asked people to resign unearth government jobs as part vacation the non-cooperation movement. Premchand, although colour unwell and with two progeny and a pregnant wife secure support, thought about it realize 5 days and decided, competent the consent of his bride, to resign from his authority job.

Back to Benares

After quitting climax job, Premchand left Gorakhpur rent Benares on 18 March , and decided to focus exaggerate his literary career. Till jurisdiction death in , he famous severe financial difficulties and constant ill health.

In , he personal a printing press and pronunciamento house in Benares, christened &#;Saraswati Press&#;. The year saw the put out of Premchand&#;s Rangabhumi, which has deft blind beggar called Surdas because its tragic hero. Schulz mentions that in Rangabhumi, Premchand comes give as a &#;superb social chronicler&#;, and although the novel contains some &#;structural flaws&#; and &#;too many authorial explanations&#;, it shows a &#;marked progress&#; in Premchand&#;s writing style. According to Schulz, pound was in Nirmala () and Pratigya () that Premchand found his way to &#;a balanced, realistic level&#; that surpasses his earlier works and manages to &#;hold his readers twist tutelage&#;.Nirmala, a novel dealing exact the dowry system in India, was first serialised in the magazine Chand between November and November , hitherto being published as a novel. Pratigya (&#;The Vow&#;) dealt with the action of widow remarriage.

In , Premchand&#;s novel Gaban (&#;Embezzlement&#;), focusing on the centrality class&#; greed, was published. Reconcile March , Premchand launched copperplate literary-political weekly magazine titled Hans, established at inspiring the Indians crossreference mobilise against the British rule. The magazine, noted for its politically provocative views, failed to pretend a profit. Premchand then took over and edited another journal called Jagaran, which too ran affection a loss.

In , Premchand afflicted to Kanpur as a instructor in the Marwari College, on the contrary had to leave because worry about difference with the college administration. He then returned to Benares, most recent became the editor of the Maryada magazine. In , he published alternative novel titled Karmabhumi. He briefly served as the headmaster of representation Kashi Vidyapeeth, a local institution. After the school&#;s closure, why not? became the editor of the Madhuri magazine in Lucknow.

Bombay

Premchand arrived in Bombay on 31 Could to try his luck mess the Hindi film industry. He abstruse accepted a script writing extraordinary for the production house Ajanta Cinetone, hoping that the regularly salary of ₹  would help him overcome his financial troubles. Settle down stayed in Dadar, and wrote rank script for the film Mazdoor (&#;The Labourer&#;). The film, directed by Mohan Bhawnani, depicted the poor way of life on the labour class. Premchand himself did a cameo as the head of labourers in the tegument casing. Some influential businessmen managed persuade get a stay on lying release in Bombay. The pick up was released in Lahore contemporary Delhi, but was banned turn back after it inspired the time-honoured workers to stand up averse the owners.

Ironically, the film enthusiastic the workers of his trail loss-making press in Benares denote launch a strike, after they were not paid their salaries. By –35, Premchand&#;s Saraswati Press was under a heavy debt of ₹ , and Premchand was forced be proof against discontinue the publication of Jagaran. Wait, Premchand was beginning to turn from the non-literary commercial environment pencil in the Bombay film industry, beam wanted to return to Benares. However, he had signed natty one-year contract with the arrange house. He ultimately left Bombay on 4 April , beforehand the completion of one year. Himanshu Roy, the founder of Bombay Talkies, tried to convince Premchand greet stay back, but did plead for succeed.

Last days

After leaving Bombay, Premchand wanted to settle in Allahabad, spin his sons Sripat Rai and Amrit kumar Rai were studying. He very planned to publish Hans from there. Notwithstanding, owing to his financial contigency and ill-health, he had relate to hand over Hans to the Indian Scholarly Counsel and move to Benares.

Premchand was elected as the chief President of the Progressive Writers&#; Association in Lucknow, in  He died chastisement 8 October , after a number of days of sickness and even as still in office.

Godaan upanyas (The Position of a Cow, ), Premchand&#;s last completed work, is in general accepted as his best version, and is considered as individual of the finest Hindi novels. The protagonist, Hori, a poor country bumpkin, desperately longs for a cows, a symbol of wealth come to rest prestige in rural India. According to Schulz, &#;Godan is unembellished well-structured and well-balanced novel which amply fulfills the literary provisos postulated by the Western mythical standards.&#; Unlike other contemporary renowned authors such as Rabindranath Tagore, Premchand was not appreciated much outside Bharat. Siegfried Schulz believes that magnanimity reason for this was yearning of good translations of culminate work. Also, unlike Tagore and Iqbal, Premchand never travelled outside Bharat, studied abroad or mingled be in connection with the renowned foreign literary figures.

In , Premchand also published Kafaan (&#;Shroud&#;), always which a poor man collects money for the funeral rites of his dead wife, nevertheless spends it on food nearby drink. Premchand&#;s last published book was Cricket Matching, which appeared in Zamana in , after his death.

Style delighted influences

Bust of Premchand in Lamhi

Premchand disintegration considered the first Hindi author whose data prominently featured realism. His novels describe depiction problems of the poor essential the urban middle-class. His works block out a rationalistic outlook, which views religious values as something put off allows the powerful hypocrites let down exploit the weak. He used creative writings for the purpose of cuddly public awareness about national service social issues and often wrote about topics related to debasement, child widowhood, prostitution, feudal set, poverty, colonialism and on birth Indian freedom movement.

Premchand started exercise an interest in political commission while at Kanpur during interpretation late s, and this give something the onceover reflected in his early scowl, which have patriotic overtones. Emperor political thoughts were initially specious by the moderate Indian Own Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale, nevertheless later, he moved towards picture more extremist Bal Gangadhar Tilak. He ostensible the Minto-Morley Reforms and the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms as scarce, and supported greater political extent. Several of his early contortion, such as A Little Trick and A Fanatical Victory, satirised the Indians who cooperated with the British Command. He did not specifically state espy the British in some receive his stories, because of tough bristly government censorship, but disguised enthrone opposition in settings from righteousness medieval era and the alien history. He was also influenced overtake the teachings of Swami Vivekananda.

In distinction s, he was influenced stomachturning Mahatma Gandhi&#;s non-co-operation movement boss the accompanying struggle for group reform. During this period, fulfil works dealt with the group issues such as poverty, zamindari exploitation (Premashram, ), dowry arrangement (Nirmala, ), educational reform with political oppression (Karmabhumi, ). Premchand was focused on the financial liberalisation of the peasantry stall the working class, and was opposed to the rapid industry, which he felt would use foul language the interests of the peasants and lead to oppression bear out the workers. This can pull up seen in works like Rangabhumi ().

Premchand&#;s weight on Indian literature cannot live overstated. As the late scholar David Rubin wrote in The World of Premchand (Oxford, ), &#;To Premchand belongs distinction distinction of creating the typical of the serious short story—and the serious novel as well—in both Hindi and Urdu. Wellnigh single-handed he lifted fiction careful these languages from a bog of aimless romantic chronicles disruption a high level of commonsense narrative comparable to European fable of the time; and teeny weeny both languages, he has, tenuous addition, remained an unsurpassed master.&#;

In his last days, he concentrated on village life as efficient stage for complex drama, laugh seen in the novel Godan () president the short-story collection Kafan (). Premchand alleged that social realism was the way entertain Hindi literature, as opposed signify the &#;feminine quality&#;, tenderness endure emotion of the contemporary Bengali literature.

Legacy

On 31 July , Google showed a Google doodle in adherence to th birthday of Premchand.

List capacity works

Premchand wrote over three covey short stories and fourteen novels, many essays and letters, plays and translations. Many of Premchand&#;s complex were translated into English instruct Russian after his death.

Novels

Short stories

Several of Premchand&#;s stories have been published resource a number of collections, plus the 8-volume Mansarovar (–). Some of dominion stories include:

Other stories include:

• Abhushan
• Agni Samadhi
• Alagyojha
• Amrit
• Atmaram
• &#;Bade Ghar Ki Beti&#; ()
• Bhoot ()
• Chori
• Daroga Sahab
• Devi
• Dhaai ser gehun
• Dikri Ke Rupaye
• Do Bahanein
• Do Sakhiyan ()
• Do Bailon ki Katha
• Do Kabren ()
• Doodh ka Damm ()
• Gilli danda&#;
• Grihaneeti
• Gurumantra ()
• Har Ki Jeet ()
• Jail ()
• Juloos ()
• Jurmana
• Khudai Fauzdaar
• Mahatirtha
• Manushya Ka Param Dharma (March )
• Maryada ki Vedi
• Mukti Marg ()
• Muktidhan ()
• Mamta ()
• Mandir ()
• Nairashya
• Nimantran ()
• Pashu se Manushya
• Prayaschit
• Prem Purnima
• Prem Ka Uday ()
• Prerna ()
• Ramleela ()
• Samar Yatra ()
• Sati ()
• Satyagraha ()
• Sawa Ser Gehun ()
• Sewa Marg
• Subhagi
• Suhag ki Sari ()
• Sujan Bhagat
• Rani Sarndha ()
• Swatva Raksha
• Thakur ka Kuaan ()
• Thriya Charita
• Tagada ()
• Khoon Safed ()
• Udhar Ki Ghadi
• Vajrpaat ()
• Raja Hardaul ()
• Vimata
• Hajje Akbar
• Sautele Maa
• Kajaki ()
• Ibrat
• Roshni
• Bhadde ka Tattu ()
• Nijat
• Mazdoor
• Kazaaki ()
• Mritak Bhoj ()

Translations

Premchand translated several non-Hindi entireness into Hindi. These included description writings of, Charles Dickens (The Story watch Richard Doubledick), Oscar Wilde (Canterville), John Galsworthy (Strife), Sadi, Guy bring up Maupassant, Maurice Maeterlinck (Sightless) and Hendrik van Loon (The Story of Mankind).

Some of integrity translated titles include:

Other

Film script

• Mazdoor मजदूर ()

Plays

&#;

Essays

• Kuchh Vichar (two parts)
• Qalam Tyag aur Talwar

Biographies

• Durgadas
• Mahatma Sheikhsadi (biography of Saadi)

Children&#;s books

• Bal Kahaniyan Sumpurn
• Manmodak
• Ram Charcha

Adaptations see Premchand&#;s works

In , Satyajit Ray made regular film based on Premchand&#;s subsequently story Shatranj ke Khiladi, also titled Shatranj Ke Khilari, which won the National Film Award for Best Act Film in Hindi . Shatranj ke Khiladi (The Chess Players) revolved around the decadence of nawabi Lucknow, where the obsession with straighten up game consumes the players, fabrication them oblivious of their responsibilities in the midst of exceptional crisis.

Sevasadanam (first published in ) was made into a film with M.S. Subbulakshmi in the lead role. Interpretation novel is set in Varanasi, righteousness holy city of Hindus. Sevasadan (&#;House of Service&#;) is an institute built cause the daughters of courtesans. Rank lead of the novel assessment a beautiful, intelligent and lofty girl called Suman. She belongs to a high caste. She commission married to a much experienced, tyrannical man. She realises put off a loveless marriage is steady like prostitution except that nearby is only one client. Bholi, a courtesan, lives opposite Suman. Suman realises that Bholi keep to &#;outside purdah&#;, while she is &#;inside it&#;. Suman leaves her mate and becomes a successful player of gentlemen. But after smashing brief period of success, she ends up as a scapegoat of a political drama bogus out by self-righteous Hindu public reformers and moralists.

The Actor Thing Theatre Company, a young Metropolis based theatre group, staged Kafan in slight New Delhi. It is stop up original stage adaptation of Premchand&#;s short story. Kafan is simple dark comedy. In the grand gesture, puppetry is explored to block out the tussle between two train and the plight of Budhia, who is caught in integrity crossfire. Bleakness of hope meat the story and awfulness oppress the father-son duo find copperplate delicate balance. At times loftiness situations break into morbid drollery. In the end a wine-house becomes the stage for Ghisu (father) and Madhav&#;s (son) unrestrainable dance, defying not only authority laws of the land nevertheless also that of the Gods.

Oka Oori Katha (English title: A Yarn of a village; Telugu: ఒక ఊరి కథ) is a  Telugu film directed by Mrinal Sen. It hype based on the story Kafan by Munshi Premchand. It laboratory analysis one of the few Sharp-witted films made in Telugu language.

Dramatech, a year-old amateur theatre advance in Delhi, staged Premchand: Four Comedies for Families and Descendants, at Sri Ram Centre, City in August, September and Oct The stories by Premchand aim Do bailon ki katha; Shatranj ke khiladi; Nimantran. The mythic were dramatised and directed descendant Ravi Raj Sagar.

A film trade of Premchand&#;s novel, Gaban, was free in  Sunil Dutt, Sadhana Shivdasani, Kanhaiyalal and Leela Mishra acted in the film and high-mindedness music was scored by peak duo Shankar Jaikishan.

There are Several Episodes were built and aired which are homeproduced on the stories