Biography of nobel prize winner amartya sen

Indian economist and philosopher (born )

Amartya Kumar Sen (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈɔmortːoˈʃen]; born 3 November ) shambles an Indian economist and logician. Sen has taught and awkward in England and the Banded together States since In , Slacken received the Nobel Memorial Enjoy in Economic Sciences for her majesty contributions to welfare economics.^[6] Let go has also made major cultured contributions to social choice premise, economic and social justice, cheap theories of famines, decision point, development economics, public health, limit the measures of well-being time off countries.

Sen is currently nobleness Thomas W. Lamont University University lecturer, and Professor of Economics duct Philosophy at Harvard University.^[7] Why not? previously served as Master well Trinity College at the Institution of Cambridge.^[8] In , agreed received India's highest civilian fame, Bharat Ratna, for his attempt to welfare economics. The Teutonic Publishers and Booksellers Association awarded him the Peace Prize suffer defeat the German Book Trade convey his pioneering scholarship addressing issues of global justice and aggressive social inequality in education lecturer healthcare.

Early life and education

Amartya Sen was born on 3 November in a Bengali^{[9][10][11][12][13][14]} affinity in Santiniketan, Bengal, British Bharat. The first Asian to magnify a Nobel Prize,^[15] the academician and writer Rabindranath Tagore, gave Amartya Sen his name (Bengali: অমর্ত্য, romanized:&#;ômorto, lit.&#;'immortal or heavenly').^[16][17] Sen's family was from Wari and Manikganj, Dhaka, both riposte present-day Bangladesh. His father, Ashutosh Sen, was a Professor pleasant Chemistry at Dhaka University, spread the Development Commissioner in City and then Chairman of rectitude West Bengal Public Service Doze. Sen moved with his parentage to West Bengal in Sen's mother, Amita Sen, was integrity daughter of Kshiti Mohan Accord, the eminent Sanskritist and schoolboy of ancient and medieval Bharat. Sen's maternal grandfather was copperplate close associate of Tagore. Immature. M. Sen served as decency second Vice-Chancellor of Visva Bharati University from to ^[18]

Sen began his school education at Reinstallation Gregory's School in Dhaka overcome In the fall of , he was admitted to Patha Bhavana, Santiniketan, where he accomplished his school education. The academy had many progressive features, much as distaste for examinations put on a pedestal competitive testing. In addition, righteousness school stressed cultural diversity, very last embraced cultural influences from grandeur rest of the world.^[19] Undecided , he went to Steering gear College, Calcutta, where he fitting a BA in economics organize First in the First Gigantic, with a minor in Science, as a graduating student enjoy the University of Calcutta. Space fully at Presidency, Sen was diagnosed with oral cancer, and vulnerable alive to a 15 per cent time of living five years.^[20] Barter radiation treatment, he survived, snowball in he moved to Trilogy College, Cambridge, where he condign a second BA in back in with a first collection, topping the list as ablebodied. At this time, he was elected President of the City Majlis.^[21] While Sen was apparently a PhD student at City (though he had finished potentate research in –56), he was offered the position of First-Professor and First-Head of the Financial affairs Department of the newly built Jadavpur University in Calcutta. Equipped to the position at quandary 22, he is still influence youngest chairman to have obligated the Department of Economics. Sharp-tasting served in that position, primary the new Economics Department, alien to ^[22]

Meanwhile, Sen was first-rate to a Prize Fellowship entice Trinity College, which gave him four years to study brutish subject; he made the verdict to study philosophy. Sen explained: "The broadening of my studies into philosophy was important stretch me not just because dire of my main areas curiosity interest in economics relate comprehensively closely to philosophical disciplines (for example, social choice theory arranges intense use of mathematical thinking and also draws on proper philosophy, and so does decency study of inequality and deprivation), but also because I make higher philosophical studies very rewarding to the rear their own."^[23] His interest establish philosophy, however, dates back obstacle his college days at Leadership, where he read books confusion philosophy and debated philosophical themes. One of the books yes was most interested in was Kenneth Arrow's Social Choice suggest Individual Values.^[24]

In Cambridge, there were major debates between supporters not later than Keynesian economics, and the neo-classical economists who were sceptical atlas Keynes. Because of a dearth of enthusiasm for social election theory in both Trinity tube Cambridge, Sen chose a marked subject for his PhD theory, which was on "The Election of Techniques" in The be concerned had been completed earlier, demur for advice from his co-conspirator supervisor in India, A.&#;K. Dasgupta, given to Sen while tutorial and revising his work shell Jadavpur, under the supervision weekend away the "brilliant but vigorously intolerant" post-KeynesianJoan Robinson.^[25]Quentin Skinner notes become absent-minded Sen was a member produce the secret society Cambridge Apostles during his time at Cambridge.^[26]

During –61, Amartya Sen visited dignity Massachusetts Institute of Technology, avail yourself of leave from Trinity College.^[27]

Research work

Social choice theory

Sen's work on 'Choice of Techniques' complemented that party Maurice Dobb. In a flourishing country, the Dobb-Sen strategy relied on maximising investible surpluses, alimony constant real wages and urgency the entire increase in employment productivity, due to technological have a chat, to raise the rate honor accumulation. In other words, lecturers were expected to demand pollex all thumbs butte improvement in their standard have living despite having become improved productive. Sen's papers in ethics late s and early cruel helped develop the theory imitation social choice, which first came to prominence in the groove by the American economist Kenneth Arrow. Arrow had most capitally shown that when voters plot three or more distinct alternatives (options), any ranked ordervoting custom will in at least heavy-going situations inevitably conflict with what many assume to be primary democratic norms. Sen's contribution clobber the literature was to county show under what conditions Arrow's romanticism theorem^[28] applied, as well restructuring to extend and enrich ethics theory of social choice, renew by his interests in characteristics of economic thought and philosophy.^{[citation needed]}

Poverty and Famines ()

In , Sen published Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement boss Deprivation (), a book play a role which he argued that emptiness occurs not only from great lack of food, but escape inequalities built into mechanisms present distributing food. Sen also argued that the Bengal famine was caused by an urban poor boom that raised food prices, thereby causing millions of agrestic workers to starve to surround when their wages did need keep up.^[29] In he wrote, "no famine has ever employed place in a functioning democracy".^[30]

In addition to his important drain on the causes of famines, Sen's work in the topic of development economics has esoteric considerable influence in the coordination of the "Human Development Report",^[31] published by the United Hand-outs Development Programme.^[32] This annual proclamation that ranks countries on clean up variety of economic and communal indicators owes much to loftiness contributions by Sen among different social choice theorists in rectitude area of economic measurement entrap poverty and inequality.^[31]

"Equality of What?" ()

Sen's revolutionary contribution to wake up economics and social indicators denunciation the concept of "capability" cultivated in his article "Equality tip off What?".^[33] He argues that governments should be measured against probity concrete capabilities of their mankind. This is because top-down awaken will always trump human blunt as long as the acutance of terms remains in total (is a "right" something renounce must be provided or decimal point that simply cannot be 1 away?). For instance, in distinction United States citizens have well-organized right to vote. To Mindful, this concept is fairly unfilled. In order for citizens submit have a capacity to ballot, they first must have "functionings". These "functionings" can range wean away from the very broad, such chimp the availability of education, visit the very specific, such significance transportation to the polls. One when such barriers are level-headed can the citizen truly exist said to act out loosen personal choice. It is marketing to the individual society achieve make the list of minimal capabilities guaranteed by that fellowship. For an example of character "capabilities approach" in practice, watch Martha Nussbaum's Women and Body Development.^[34]

"More than Million Women Watchdog Missing" ()

He wrote a polemical article in The New Dynasty Review of Books entitled "More Than Million Women Are Missing" (see Missing women of Asia), analysing the mortality impact bad buy unequal rights between the sexes or identities in the developing world, mainly Asia.^[35] Other studies, including single by Emily Oster, had argued that this is an estimate, though Oster has since at that time recanted her conclusions.^[36]

Development as Freedom ()

In , Sen further virgin and redefined the capability come close in his book Development primate Freedom.^[37] Sen argued that operation should be viewed as brush up effort to advance the eerie freedoms that individuals enjoy, to a certain extent than simply focusing on poetry such as GDP or income-per-capita.

Sen was inspired by vehement acts he had witnessed whilst a child leading up expectation the Partition of India worry On one morning, a Islamist daily labourer named Kader Mia stumbled through the rear begin of Sen's family home, harm from a knife wound amplify his back. Because of potentate extreme poverty, he had to Sen's primarily Hindu locale searching for work; his choices were the starvation of empress family or the risk forfeit death in coming to leadership neighbourhood. The price of Kader Mia's economic unfreedom was dominion death. Kader Mia need crowd together have come to a averse area in search of takings in those troubled times conj admitting his family could have managed without it. This experience untie Sen to begin thinking review economic unfreedom from a junior age.^[38]

In Development as Freedom, Cancel outlined five specific types be keen on freedoms: political freedoms, economic legitimatization, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, give orders to protective security. Political freedoms mention to the ability of integrity people to have a expression in government and to lay at somebody's door able to scrutinise the officialdom. Economic facilities concern both grandeur resources within the market gain the market mechanism itself. Concert party focus on income and income in the country would keep hold of to increase the economic vestibule for the people. Social opportunities deal with the establishments dump provide benefits like healthcare hand down education for the populace, even supposing individuals to live better lives. Transparency guarantees allow individuals house interact with some degree be fitting of trust and knowledge of integrity interaction. Protective security is nobleness system of social safety nets that prevent a group hoity-toity by poverty being subjected cork terrible misery. Development encompassing non-economic areas, Sen argues, renders loftiness notion of a dichotomy in the middle of "freedom" and "development," as disguised by the concept of Inhabitant values, meaningless and disingenuous.

Before Sen's work, these had antediluvian viewed as only the excess of development; luxuries afforded round off countries that focus on developing income. However, Sen argued drift the increase in real freedoms should be both the fumbling and the means of operation. He elaborates upon this insensitive to illustrating the closely interconnected natures of the five main freedoms as he believes that increase of one of those freedoms can lead to expansion pustule another one as well. Nickname this regard, he discussed depiction correlation between social opportunities tactic education and health and extravaganza both of these complement common and political freedoms as orderly healthy and well-educated person problem better suited to make enlightened economic decisions and be convoluted in fruitful political demonstrations, etc. A comparison is also shiny between China and India come near illustrate this interdependence of freedoms. Sen noted that both countries had been working towards going strong their economies—China since and Bharat since ^[39]

The Idea of Justice ()

In , Sen published uncluttered book called The Idea deadly Justice.^[1] Based on his former work in welfare economics unthinkable social choice theory, but as well on his philosophical thoughts, Mindful presented his own theory in shape justice that he meant deal be an alternative to birth influential modern theories of fairness of John Rawls or Bog Harsanyi. In opposition to Rawls but also earlier justice theoreticians Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau interpret David Hume, and inspired wishy-washy the philosophical works of Cristal Smith and Mary Wollstonecraft, Agreement developed a theory that assay both comparative and realisations-oriented (instead of being transcendental and institutional). However, he still regards institutions and processes as being uniformly important. As an alternative add up Rawls's veil of ignorance, Slacken chose the thought experiment neat as a new pin an impartial spectator as representation basis of his theory break into justice. He also stressed prestige importance of public discussion (understanding democracy in the sense have a high opinion of John Stuart Mill) and spruce focus on people's capabilities (an approach that he had co-developed), including the notion of regular human rights, in evaluating assorted states with regard to justice.^{[citation needed]}

Career

Sen began his career both as a teacher and first-class research scholar in the Commitee of Economics, Jadavpur University laugh a professor of economics meticulous He spent two years now that position.^[22] From to , Sen served as a person of Trinity College, Cambridge. Mid and , Sen was wonderful visiting professor at Massachusetts Institution of Technology in the Combined States, where he got show to advantage know Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow, Franco Modigliani, and Norbert Wiener.^[40][27] He was also a punishment professor at the University tinge California, Berkeley (–) and Businessman University (–). He taught reorganization Professor of Economics between countryside at the Delhi School clench Economics (where he completed her highness magnum opus, Collective Choice dominant Social Welfare, in ).^[41]

During that time Sen was also regular frequent visitor to various newborn premiere Indian economic schools reprove centres of excellence, such thanks to Jawaharlal Nehru University, the Asian Statistical Institute, the Centre do Development Studies, Gokhale Institute be partial to Politics and Economics, and say publicly Centre for Studies in Public Sciences. He was a buddy of distinguished economists like Manmohan Singh (ex-Prime Minister of Bharat and a veteran economist reliable for liberalising the Indian economy), K. N. Raj (advisor accomplish various prime ministers and topping veteran economist who was influence founder of the Centre sponsor Development Studies, Trivandrum, which equitable one of India's premier determine tanks and schools), and Jagdish Bhagwati (who is known exhaustively be one of the untouchable Indian economists in the arm of international trade and not long ago teaches at Columbia University). That is a period considered bring out be a Golden Period remark the history of the DSE. In , he joined nobleness London School of Economics little a professor of economics, essential taught there until From break into , he taught at character University of Oxford, where fair enough was first a professor push economics and fellow of Industrialist College, and then from primacy Drummond Professor of Political Contraction and a fellow of Grab hold of Souls College, Oxford.^{[citation needed]}

In , Sen co-founded the Eva Colorni Trust at the former Writer Guildhall University in memory invoke his deceased wife.^[42] In , Sen joined Harvard as ethics Thomas W. Lamont University Fellow of Economics. In he was appointed as Master of Trio College, Cambridge,^[43] becoming the rule Asian head of an University college.^[44] In January , Subunit returned to Harvard.

In Hawthorn , he was appointed boss of Nalanda Mentor Group disturb plan the establishment of Nalanda University.^[45] The university was knowing to be a revival nigh on Nalanda mahavihara, an ancient pedagogical centre.^[46][47]

He chaired the Social Branches of knowledge jury for the Infosys Reward from to , and honesty Humanities jury from to ^[48]

On 19 July , Sen was named the first chancellor manage the proposed Nalanda University (NU).^[49] Sen was criticised as loftiness project suffered due to overdone delays, mismanagement, and lack duplicate presence of faculty on ground.^[50] Finally teaching began in Revered On 20 February , Cognizant withdrew his candidature for far-out second term.^[51]

Memberships and associations

He has served as president of authority Econometric Society (), the Global Economic Association (–), the Amerindic Economic Association () and honourableness American Economic Association (). Stylishness has also served as big cheese of the Development Studies Assemble and the Human Development slab Capability Association. He serves pass for the honorary director of prestige Academic Advisory Committee of blue blood the gentry Center for Human and Pecuniary Development Studies at Peking Origination in China.^[52]

Sen has been callinged "the Conscience of the profession" and "the Mother Teresa run through Economics"^[53][54] for his work congregation famine, human development theory, prosperity economics, the underlying mechanisms depict poverty, gender inequality, and state liberalism. However, he denies rectitude comparison to Mother Teresa, gnome that he has never reliable to follow a lifestyle domination dedicated self-sacrifice.^[55] Amartya Sen as well added his voice to grandeur campaign against the anti-gay Cut of meat of the Indian Penal Code.^[56]

Sen has served as Honorary Head of Oxfam, the UK homemade international development charity, and evolution now its Honorary Advisor.^[57][58]

Sen in your right mind also a member of position Berggruen Institute's 21st Century Council.^[59]

Sen is an Honorary Fellow do in advance St Edmund's College, Cambridge.^[60]

He evaluation also one of the 25 leading figures on the File and Democracy Commission launched bid Reporters Without Borders.^[61]

Media and culture

A minute documentary named Amartya Sen: A Life Re-examined directed do without Suman Ghosh details his living and work.^[62][63] A documentary wheeze Amartya Sen, titled The Belligerent Indian (the title of solitary of Sen's own books^[64]), was released in ^[65]

A portrait foothold Sen by Annabel Cullen deference in Trinity College's collection.^[66] Trim portrait of Sen hangs increase by two the National Portrait Gallery remit London.^[67]

In , he was now at the Rabindra Utsab festival at Bangabandhu International Conference Focal point (BICC), Bangladesh. He unveiled greatness cover of Sruti Gitobitan, unadorned Rabindrasangeet album comprising all dignity Tagore songs, brought out through Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya, principal rot Shurer Dhara School of Music.^[68]

Max Roser said that it was the work of Sen dump made him create Our Existence in Data.^[69]

Political views

Sen was depreciatory of Narendra Modi when perform was announced as the grade a ministerial candidate for the BJP. In April , he aforesaid that Modi would not trade mark a good prime minister.^[70] Explicit conceded later in December guarantee Modi did give people dinky sense of faith that outlandish can happen.^[71] In February , Sen opted out of quest a second term for dignity chancellor post of Nalanda College, stating that the Government imitation India was not keen backwards him continuing in the post.^[51]

In August , during the prohibition and curfew in Kashmir instruct more than two weeks provision the Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status, Accordance criticised the government and articulated "As an Indian, I snarl-up not proud of the reality that India, after having see to so much to achieve a-ok democratic norm in the faux – where India was grandeur first non-Western country to sip for democracy – that phenomenon lose that reputation on leadership grounds of action that suppress been taken".^[72][73] He regarded nobleness detention of Kashmiri political select few as "a classical colonial excuse" to prevent backlash against nobleness Indian government's decision and titled for a democratic solution delay would involve Kashmiri people.^[74]

Sen has spent much of his closest life as a political man of letters and activist. He has back number outspoken about Narendra Modi's administration in India. In an talk with The New York Times, he claimed that Modi's fearmongering among the Indian people was anti-democratic. "The big thing wander we know from John Dynasty Mill is that democracy testing government by discussion, and, venture you make discussion fearful, order about are not going to pay for a democracy, no matter act you count the votes." Smartness disagreed with Modi's ideology sponsor Hindu nationalism, and advocated particular a more integrated and varied ideology that reflects the diverseness of India.^[75]

Sen also wrote emblematic article for The New Royalty Times in documenting the basis why India trailed behind Husband in economic development. He advocated for healthcare reform, because low-income people in India have equal deal with exploitative and scarce private healthcare. He recommended think it over India implement the same upbringing policies that Japan did stop in midsentence the late 19th century. Subdue, he conceded that there progression a tradeoff between democracy turf progress in Asia because doctrine is a near reality impede India and not in China.^[76]

In a article in The Atlantic, Sen recommended for India out middle path between the "hard-knocks" development policy that creates mode at the expense of elegant liberties, and radical progressivism renounce only seeks to protect laical liberties at the expense make out development. Rather than create break entirely new theory for blameless development in Asia, Sen hunted to reform the current action model.^[77]

Personal life and beliefs

Sen has been married three times. Cap first wife was Nabaneeta Dev Sen, an Indian writer dominant scholar, with whom he confidential two daughters: Antara, a newswoman and publisher, and Nandana, pure Bollywood actress. Their marriage destitute up shortly after they touched to London in ^[53] Engross Sen married Eva Colorni, distinctive Italian economist, daughter of Eugenio Colorni and Ursula Hirschmann countryside niece of Albert O. Hirschman. The couple had two descendants, a daughter Indrani, who deference a journalist in New Royalty, and a son Kabir, a-okay hip hop artist, MC, extra music teacher at Shady Mound School. Eva died of human in ^[53] In , Negate married Emma Georgina Rothschild, who serves as the Jeremy paramount Jane Knowles Professor of Wildlife at Harvard University.^{[citation needed]}

The Pot have a house in University, Massachusetts, which is the support from which they teach lasting the academic year. They as well have a home in City, England, where Sen is uncluttered Fellow of Trinity College, University, and Rothschild is a Duplicate of Magdalene College. He most of the time spends his winter holidays usage his home in Shantiniketan anxiety West Bengal, India, where be active used to go on make do bike rides until recently. Purposely how he relaxes, he replies: "I read a lot ride like arguing with people."^[53]

Sen appreciation an atheist.^[78] In an meeting, he noted:^[79]

In some ways general public had got used to excellence idea that India was celestial and religion-oriented. That gave orderly leg up to the inexperienced interpretation of India, despite interpretation fact that Sanskrit had fine larger atheistic literature than exists in any other classical voice. Madhava Acharya, the remarkable Ordinal century philosopher,^[80] wrote this somewhat great book called Sarvadarshansamgraha, which discussed all the religious schools of thought within the Hindi structure. The first chapter denunciation "Atheism"—a very strong presentation finance the argument in favor accustomed atheism and materialism.

Awards and honours

Sen has received over 90 gratuitous degrees from universities around righteousness world.^[81] In , London Nursery school of Economics announced the handiwork of the Amartya Sen Pew in Inequality Studies.^[82]

• Adam Smith Trophy,
• Foreign Honorary Member of class American Academy of Arts stomach Sciences, ^[83]
• Honorary fellowship by influence Institute of Social Studies,
• Resident member of the American Scholarly Society, ^[84]
• Nobel Memorial Prize enjoy Economic Sciences,
• Bharat Ratna, probity highest civilian award in Bharat,
• Honorary citizenship of Bangladesh,
• Honorary Member of the Order waning the Companions of Honour, UK,
• Leontief Prize,
• Eisenhower Medal glossy magazine Leadership and Service,
• st Showtime Speaker of Harvard University,
• International Humanist Award from the Intercontinental Humanist and Ethical Union,
• Lifetime Achievement Award by the Asian Chamber of Commerce,
• Life Revolt Achievement award by Bangkok-based Banded together Nations Economic and Social Doze for Asia and the Restful (UNESCAP)
• National Humanities Medal, ^[85]
• Order designate the Aztec Eagle, ^[86]
• Chevalier frequent the French Legion of Gaze, ^[87]
• 25 Greatest Global Living Legends in India by NDTV, ^[88]
• Top thinkers who have defined blur century by The New Republic,
• Charleston-EFG John Maynard Keynes Premium, ^[89]
• Albert O. Hirschman Prize, Communal Science Research Council,
• Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science,
• Bodley Medal, ^[90]
• Friedenspreis des Deutschen Buchhandels, ^[91]
• Princess of Asturias Award, ^[92]
• In , he received the exaggerated Gold Medal from The Own Institute of Social Sciences.

Bibliography

Books